常在

Chinese

		always; ever; often always; ever; often; frequently; common; general; constant	(located) at; in; exist (located) at; in; exist; (before verbs) immediately involved in; right in the middle of doing
simp. and trad. (常在)		常	在
alternative forms		長在／长在 Hokkien 常哉 Hokkien

Etymology

"(Hokkien) often"

The first character has an irregular pronunciation in this word. The Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary (1932) considers it to be borrowed from Mandarin. Along with John Macgowan's "English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect" (1883), they both interpret chhiâng-chāi as "constantly present", but modern dictionaries, such as 《台灣話大詞典》, assign siông-chāi to that sense.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): chángzài

  (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ ㄗㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): soeng⁴ zoi⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sòng-chhai
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siông-chāi / chhiâng-chāi / chhêng-chāi

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: chángzài
    • Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ ㄗㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: chángzài
    • Wade–Giles: chʻang²-tsai⁴
    • Yale: cháng-dzài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charngtzay
    • Palladius: чанцзай (čanczaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: soeng⁴ zoi⁶
    • Yale: sèuhng joih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: soeng⁴ dzoi⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: sêng⁴ zoi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sœːŋ²¹ t͡sɔːi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sòng-chhai
    • Hakka Romanization System: songˇ cai
    • Hagfa Pinyim: song² cai⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /soŋ¹¹ t͡sʰai̯⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siông-chāi
    • Tâi-lô: siông-tsāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: siongzai
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sai³³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sai³³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiâng-chāi
    • Tâi-lô: tshiâng-tsāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: chiangzai
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sai³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiaŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sai³³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhêng-chāi
    • Tâi-lô: tshîng-tsāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhengzai
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sai³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sai³³/

Note:

• chhiâng-chāi — "often", obsolete for "to exist always";
• chhêng-chāi — variant for "often".

Verb

常在

1. to exist always; to be constantly present

Noun

常在

1. (historical) first-class female attendant during the Qing dynasty

Adverb

常在

1. (Zhangping and Taiwanese Hokkien) often; frequently; usually

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 常常 (“often; frequently”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		經常, 時常, 常常, 時時, 往往, 每每
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	常
	Taiwan	常常
	Harbin	時不見兒, 時不當, 時不當兒, 時不常, 時不常兒, 時不時
	Singapore	常常
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	常常, 常, 時常
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	常常, 常, 時常
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	時常, 常常, 隨時, 時不時
	Wuhan	帶常, 時常
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	常
	Hefei	常
Cantonese	Guangzhou	時時, 時常, 長時, 周時, 遇時, 時不時
	Hong Kong	成日, 經常, 時時, 好多時, 好多時候, 周時, 周不時
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	經常
	Yangjiang	周時
Gan	Nanchang	千常, 時常
Hakka	Meixian	輒常, 長時, 時常, 時不時
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	輒輒, 輒常, 長透, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	輒輒, 輒常, 長透, 登常, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	輒輒, 輒常, 長透, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	輒輒, 長在, 輒常, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 經常
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	輒輒, 常勻, 輒常, 長透, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	輒輒, 不時, 輒, 恬恬, 長透, 時時
	Hong Kong	長日
Huizhou	Jixi	三不時, 時不時
Jin	Taiyuan	常常, 時常, 時不時
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	稠稠, 稠, 盡稠
Southern Min	Xiamen	定定, 長長, 四常, 時常, 常常, 不時, 不期時
	Quanzhou	定定, 長長, 四常, 時常, 常常, 不時
	Zhangzhou	定定, 時常, 常常, 不時, 不期時
	Tainan	定定, 時常, 常常, 不時, 捷捷, 沓沓, 常在, 往往
	Manila (Hokkien)	定定, 常常, 四常, 不時
	Chaozhou	長時, 惦惦
	Shantou	經常, 時常, 時時, 惦惦
	Bangkok (Teochew)	惦惦
	Leizhou	長世, 長常
Wu	Shanghai	常樁, 常常, 經常
	Shanghai (Chongming)	千常
	Suzhou	時常, 常時, 常樁
	Ningbo	老老, 老長 rare, 長常 rare, 長時 rare
	Wenzhou	清清, 常期
Xiang	Changsha	練常, 打常, 扯常, 扯常子, 時不時
	Shuangfeng	練常, 常常

Derived terms

• 不常在

 

References

• 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “常在”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎^[1] (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
• Macgowan, John (1883) “Present”, in English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect, Amoy & London: A. A. Marcal and Trubner & Co. 57 Ludgate Hill, page 397
• 《台灣話大詞典》　(Tâi-ôan-ōe tōa-sû-tián), Taipei, 2002 →ISBN