在
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TranslingualEdit
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Han characterEdit
在 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大中土 (KLG), four-corner 40214, composition ⿸𠂇⿰丨土)
Derived charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: not present, would follow page 224, character 18
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4881
- Dae Jaweon: page 455, character 14
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 418, character 7
- Unihan data for U+5728
Further readingEdit
ChineseEdit
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 在 | ||||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | Libian (compiled in Qing) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | Clerical script |
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Phonetic compound (OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs): phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + phonetic 士 (OC *zrɯʔ).
Now phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs): phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + semantic 土 (“earth”).
在 was often visually identical to 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs, “sprout”) in the oracle bone script and some of the bronze inscriptions. It may be either a phonetic loan or a figurative derivative.
Etymology 1Edit
| simp. and trad. |
在 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
Probably related to 栽 (OC *ʔslɯː, “to plant”) (Schuessler, 2007).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
在
- to exist; to be alive
- 父在，觀其志；父沒，觀其行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Fù zài, guān qí zhì; fù mò, guān qí xíng. [Pinyin]
- While a man's father is alive, look at the bent of his will; when his father is dead, look at his conduct.
父在，观其志；父没，观其行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to be at; to be in; to be located
- be ...-ing; in the middle of doing something (indicating an action in progress)
- (located) in; at
- during; in
- to lie in; to rest with
- to be at the post
- Misspelling of 再 (zài).
- a surname
SynonymsEdit
- (to exist):
- (in):
Dialectal synonyms of 在 (“at, in”) [map]
- (during):
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 正在, 刻正 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 正在, 在 |
| Taiwan | 正在, 在 | |
| Guilin | 在 | |
| Malaysia | 正在, 在 | |
| Singapore | 正在, 在 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處 |
| Hong Kong | 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 喺度 | |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 當, 在該, 當在 |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 當, 在該 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 當, 在該 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 當, 在該 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 當, 在該 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 正在, 在遐 | |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 著𡅏, 𡅏 |
| Fuqing | 著𡅏 | |
| Singapore (Fuqing) | 著𡅏 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧 |
| Quanzhou | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧 | |
| Zhangzhou | 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 當時 | |
| Tainan | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 佇 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 佇, 佇咧 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 佇咧, 咧 | |
| Shantou | 在 | |
| Shantou (Chaoyang) | 在 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 在 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 辣, 辣辣, 辣海 |
| Ningbo | 來, 來的, 來該, 來當, 來東, 來勒 | |
| Wenzhou | 是, 是搭 | |
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 在
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DescendantsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
| simp. and trad. |
在 | |
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PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
在
ReferencesEdit
- “在”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00743
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
在
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: ざい (zai, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: さい (sai)
- Kun: ある (aru, 在る, Jōyō); あり (ari, 在り); あり (ari, 在); ます (masu, 在す); います (imasu, 在す)
- Nanori: あきら (akira); ひさし (hisashi); あき (aki); あり (ari); ありふく (arifuku); ある (aru); たもつ (tamotsu); ちえぼく (chieboku); みつる (mitsuru)
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 在 |
| ざい Grade: 5 |
| goon |
From Middle Chinese 在 (MC d͡zʌiX, d͡zʌiH). Attested in compounds since at least the 900s.[1]
PronunciationEdit
- (Tokyo) ざい [záꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2] — pitch is specific to use as a standalone noun
- IPA(key): [d͡za̠i]
AffixEdit
NounEdit
- [from 1569] Clipping of 在郷 (zaigō): countryside or outskirts
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
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| 在 |
| あ(り) Grade: 5 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
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| 有 (common) |
Alternative spelling for 有り (ari), the Classical and Old Japanese copula.
DefinitionsEdit
| For pronunciation and definitions of 在 – see the following entry. | ||
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| (This term, 在, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
ReferencesEdit
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
CompoundsEdit
Old KoreanEdit
Alternative formsEdit
VerbEdit
在 (*KYE-)
- to exist, to be at
- Synonym: 有叱 (*Is-)
- A common auxiliary verb or (more probably) verbal suffix, usually thought to denote the completive aspect, i.e. describing an action which has been completed and remains in such a state. An alternative but minority hypothesis holds that it honored the subject of the verb to a moderate degree, whereas 賜 (*-si) was more highly honorific.
Usage notesEdit
- In both senses, it appears to have been wholly supplanted by the Middle Korean stage by 有叱 (*Is-) > Middle Korean 잇다〮 (ìstá), which is already more common for the independent verbal sense in the early first millennium and is first attested as an auxiliary in 1262. The word is not found in Middle Korean outside the two derived terms given below.
Reconstruction notesEdit
- Conventionally read as *KYE- because Middle Korean Idu script manuals, which commonly preserve Old Korean readings, read this character as 견 (kyen), which is clearly an inflected form with the realis gerund ㄴ (-n).
- Although Old Korean writing does not mark pitch, the Middle Korean reflexes show rising pitch, which are the result of a merger of a low-pitch and high-pitch syllable. This means that the Old Korean verb stem was not in fact monosyllabic *kye- but really consisted of two syllables. However, this original pronunciation cannot be reconstructed.
DescendantsEdit
- ⇒ Middle Korean: 겨〯시다〮 (kyěsìtá, “to exist, to be at”, honorific)
- Korean: 계시다 (gyesida)
- ⇒ Middle Korean: 겨〯집 (kyěcìp, “woman”, literally “stay-at-home”)
- Korean: 계집 (gyejip)
ReferencesEdit
- 이승재 (2001), “古代 吏讀의 尊敬法 '在[겨]'에 대하여 [On the deferential marker -kye- in Old Korean idu]”, in Eomun yeon-gu, volume 29, issue 4, pages 53—70
- 남풍현 (2004), “시상의 조동사 '在/𠂇/겨'의 발달' [The development of the aspectual auxiliary kye-]”, in Gugeo gukmunhak, volume 138, pages 5—34