-는-

See also: 는 and -는

Korean

Alternative forms

• ㄴ (-n-) – see Usage notes

Etymology

From Middle Korean ᄂᆞ (Yale: -no-), representing a merger of two independent Old Korean suffixes: 飛 (*-no-) and 臥 (*-nwu-). It is usually thought that 臥 (*-nwu-), despite the vowel shift, was closer to the present-tense meaning and that 飛 (*-no-) may have been a continuous aspect-marking suffix.

The reduplicated form 는 (-neun-) is used since the seventeenth century, except in certain contexts (see below) where the syncopated form ㄴ (-n) is used after vowels.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [nɯn]
• Phonetic hangul: [는]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	neun
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	neun
McCune–Reischauer?	nŭn
Yale Romanization?	nun

Suffix

는 • (-neun-)

1. A present tense-marking suffix for verbs; it attaches directly to the stem, including the honorific 으시 (-eusi-), and precedes another verbal suffix.

   Coordinate terms: 었 (-eot-, past-tense), 겠 (-get-, future)

   ‎먹 (meok-) + ‎는 (-neun-) + ‎다 (-da) → ‎먹는다 (meongneunda, “one eats”)

   ‎먹 (meok-) + ‎는 (-neun-) + ‎구나 (-guna) → ‎먹는구나 (meongneun'guna, “one is eating!”)

   ‎있 (it-) + ‎는 (-neun-) + ‎다 (-da) → ‎있는다 (inneunda, “one stays”)

Usage notes

• This suffix causes stem-final ㄹ (l) to drop out.
• This suffix takes the short form ㄴ (-n-) after vowels and before the formal non-polite ending 다 (-da). In all other cases, the full form is used: 안다 (anda), not *아는다 (*aneunda), but 아는가 (aneun'ga), not *안가 (*an'ga).

Derived terms

• 는구나 (-neun'guna)
• 는다 (-neunda)
• 는다지 (-neundaji)
• 는단다 (-neundanda)

 

Related terms

• 는 (-neun, present-tense adnominal marker)
• 는가 (-neun'ga)