Appendix:Old Irish suffixless preterite verbs
The Old Irish suffixless preterite originated chiefly in Proto-Indo-European reduplicated perfect forms, though some unreduplicated forms are represented as well.
In the reduplicated suffixless preterite, the initial consonant or consonant cluster of the root is reduplicated with the vowel e, which triggers lenition of the following consonant. For example, the preterite of canaid (“to sing”) is cechain (“sang”) (from *ke-kan-e). In some cases, the consonant after the reduplicating syllable may be lenited out of existence, causing compensatory lengthening of the reduplicating vowel, resulting in a form that appears to be an unreduplicated root in which the vowel has been replaced by a long vowel. For example, the preterite of fichid (“to fight”) is fích (“fought”) (from *we-wik-e), and the preterite of ad·gnin (“to recognize”) is ad·géuin (“recognized”) (from *-ge-gn-e).
In the suffixless á-preterite, there is no reduplication, and the root vowel is replaced by á /aː/; for example, the preterite of guidid (“to pray”) is gáid (“prayed”). This á does not have the same origin as the long vowels mentioned in the previous paragraph (as there is no way for a form like *gʷe-gʷed-e to yield gáid), but it may have the same origin as the ō in the past tense of the Germanic class 6 strong verbs (e.g. Old English sċacan (“to shake”), sċōc (“shook”)).
A small number of verbs form the preterite stem differently, for example fo·ceird (“puts”), preterite fo·caird, with short a. A few verbs inherit their shape directly from Proto-Indo-European, for example ·icc, preterite ·ánaic from *h₂eh₂nónḱe, and téit, preterite luid from *h₁ludʰét.
The endings of the reduplicated preterite, which are very similar to the endings of the t-preterite, are the same in the absolute and conjunct, except in the passive (which, as always with Old Irish preterite passives, is formed from a different stem). The second person plural happens not to be attested in the absolute, but was presumably identical in form to the conjunct.
See Category:Old Irish suffixless preterite verbs and its subcategories Category:Old Irish reduplicated preterite verbs and Category:Old Irish á preterite verbs for lists of verbs belonging to this class.
Nondeponent endings
editA sample verb for this class is canaid (“to sing”). The endings are as follows:
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute | (·)cechan | (·)cechan | (·)cechain | (·)cechnammar | (·)cechnaid | (·)cechnatar | cétae | cétai |
| Conjunct | ·cét | ·céta | ||||||
| Relative | — | — | cechnae | — | cétae | cétai |
Deponent endings
editIn deponent verbs, the plural endings are the same as for nondeponent verbs, while the singular endings are -ar in the first and second person and -air in the third person. A sample verb for this class is gainithir (“to be born”). The endings are as follows:
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute/Conjunct | (·)génar | (·)génar | (·)génair | (·)génammar | (·)génaid | (·)génatar |
Further reading
edit- McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, pages 51–54
- Strachan, John, Bergin, Osborn (1949) Old-Irish Paradigms and Selections from the Old-Irish Glosses, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN, pages 64–67
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, pages 424–37; reprinted 2017 (Please provide a date or year)