foceird

Old Irish

FWOTD – 22 July 2020

Alternative forms

• fo·ceirt

Etymology

The deuterotonic and future stems are from fo- +‎ Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (“to put, lay, move”) (compare Middle Welsh kerðet, Welsh cerdded (“walk”), Breton kerzhet (“walk”), Cornish kerdhes (“walk”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“to swing”) (compare Ancient Greek κραδαίνω (kradaínō, “to swing”), Latin cardō (“hinge”), Old High German scerdo (“hinge”)).

The prototonic forms of the present stem (·cuirethar etc.) are thought to be denominative from cor (“putting, casting, throwing”), from which Matasović reconstructs Proto-Celtic *koros (“act of putting, casting, a throw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn”). Le Mair however finds such an immediately denominative origin to be dubious, and reconstructs a Proto-Celtic *korītor instead. She relates this verb to a root *kerH- (“to throw”) rather than *(s)ker-.

See ro·lá for the etymology of the perfective forms.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɸoˈkʲer͈ʲdʲ]

Verb

fo·ceird (prototonic ·cuirethar, verbal noun cor)

1. to put, place, set
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 68^b9

     cia beith ar n‑acathar nech inna rétu inducbaidi in betha so, arnach·corathar i mmoth ⁊ machthad dia seirc ⁊ dia n‑accubur

     though it be that someone sees the glorious things of this world, that he may not be put in stupor and admiration by love for them and by desire for them

2. to throw, cast

Conjugation

This verb suppletes three verb roots belonging to three separate conjugation classes.

• The deuterotonic forms, dominated by direct conjugations of fo·ceird itself, are class B I, and form an á-preterite, s-future (the s obscured by fusion with the root cluster -rd-), and s-subjunctive.
• The prototonic forms in ·cuirethar and the like are class A II (specifically of the W2b subtype), and like almost all weak verbs form an s-preterite and a-subjunctive. The prototonic future surprisingly is derived from the deuterotonic stem instead.
• The perfective forms in ·lá and the like are class A III and form an s-perfect and an a-subjunctive.

Complex, class B I, W2b and A III present, á and s preterite, s future, s and a subjunctive

		1st sg	2nd sg	3rd sg	1st pl	2nd pl	3rd pl	passive sg	passive pl
present indicative	deut.	fo·ciurd; ro·láu (ro-form)	fo·ceird, fo·ceirt	fo·ceird, fo·ceirt; fa·ceird (with infixed pronoun a-)	fo·cerdam, fo·certam		fo·cerdat, fu·certat	fo·cerdar, fo·cerddar, fo·certar, fu·certar	fo·cerdatar
	prot.	·roláim (ro-form)		·cuirethar			·cuiretar	·cuirther	·cuirter
imperfect indicative	deut.			fo·ceirded			fo·ceirditis	fo·ceirte
	prot.
preterite	deut.	fo·card		fo·caird			fo·cartar, fo·cardatar	fo·cress	fo·cressa
	prot.			·corastar			·corsatar
perfect	deut.	ro·láus	ro·láis	ro·lá		ro·láisid	ro·láiset	ro·lád	ro·láthar
	prot.			·ralae		·ralsaid	·ralsat, ·rolsat	·ralad
future	deut.	fo·cichur		fo·cicher, fo·cicherr			fo·cichret	fo·cicherthar	fo·cichretar
	prot.	·foíchur		·foícher				·foícherthar
conditional	deut.			fo·cichred
	prot.			·foíchred
present subjunctive	deut.	·ral (ro-form)	fo·ceirr; ro·lá (ro-form)	fo·ceirr; ro·lá (ro-form)	ro·lám (ro-form)
	prot.		·coirther	·corathar; ·rala (ro-form)		·ralaid (ro-form)	·ralat (ro-form)	·raltar (ro-form)	·raltar, ·ralatar (ro-forms)
past subjunctive	deut.			fo·cerrad, fo·cerred; fa·cherred (with infixed pronoun a-); ro·lád (ro-form)				fo·certhae
	prot.			·corad			·roltais (ro-form)	·corthae; ·raltae (ro-form)
imperative			cuire, cuirthe		fus·cerdam (with infixed pronoun s-)	cuirid
verbal noun		cor
past participle
verbal of necessity

Derived terms

Terms derived from ·cuirethar

• ad·cuirethar
• ar·cuirethar
• con·cuirethar
• do·aithchuiredar
• do·cuirethar
• do·etarcuirethar
• for·cuirethar
• fo·cuirethar
• fris·cuirethar
• imm·cuirethar
• in·cuirethar

Descendants

• Middle Irish: cuirid
  • Irish: cuir
  • Manx: cur, cuirr
  • Scottish Gaelic: cuir

Mutation

Mutation of foceird

radical	lenition	nasalization
fo·ceird	fo·cheird	fo·ceird pronounced with /-ɡ(ʲ)-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “fo·ceird”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 cor”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language