Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hawwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to beat, hew, forge”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑw.wɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hawwaną

1. to hew, to chop
2. to forge

Inflection

Conjugation of *hawwaną (strong class 7b)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hawwō	*hawwaų	—	*hawwai	?
2nd singular	*hawwizi	*hawwaiz	*haww	*hawwazai	*hawwaizau
3rd singular	*hawwidi	*hawwai	*hawwadau	*hawwadai	*hawwaidau
1st dual	*hawwōz	*hawwaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hawwadiz	*hawwaidiz	*hawwadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hawwamaz	*hawwaim	—	*hawwandai	*hawwaindau
2nd plural	*hawwid	*hawwaid	*hawwid	*hawwandai	*hawwaindau
3rd plural	*hawwandi	*hawwain	*hawwandau	*hawwandai	*hawwaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hehau(w)	*hehawwį̄
2nd singular	*hehau(w)t	*hehawwīz
3rd singular	*hehau(w)	*hehawwī
1st dual	*hehawwū	*hehawwīw
2nd dual	*hehawwudiz	*hehawwīdiz
1st plural	*hehawwum	*hehawwīm
2nd plural	*hehawwud	*hehawwīd
3rd plural	*hehawwun	*hehawwīn
	present	past
participles	*hawwandz	*hawwanaz

Derived terms

• *hawwǭ
  • Proto-West Germanic: *hauwā

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hauwan
  • Old English: hēawan
    • Middle English: hewen
      • English: hew
      • Scots: hew, hewe
  • Old Frisian: hāwa, hauwa, hōwa, houwa
    • North Frisian: hauen, houwen
    • Saterland Frisian: haue
    • West Frisian: houwe
  • Old Saxon: hauwan
    • Middle Low German: houwen, howen, hauwen
      • German Low German: hauen
  • Old Dutch: houwan
    • Middle Dutch: houwen
      • Dutch: houwen
        • Afrikaans: hou
      • Limburgish: houwe
  • Old High German: houwan
    • Middle High German: houwen
      • Cimbrian: hauan
      • German: hauen
      • Luxembourgish: haen
• Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚷᚹᚨᚾ (*hagwan /⁠haggwan⁠/)
  • Old Norse: hǫggva
    • Icelandic: höggva
    • Faroese: høgga
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: hogga
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: hogge
    • Jamtish: hǫgge
    • Elfdalian: ogga
    • Old Swedish: hugga, hogga
      • Swedish: hugga
    • Old Danish: huggæ, hoggæ
      • Danish: hugge
        • Norwegian Bokmål: hugge
      • Scanian: hogga
    • Gutnish: hagge