Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ōbijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

The causative-iterative formation to a lost strong verb *afaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep- (“to labor, work”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɔː.βi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*ōbijaną

to perform, practice

Inflection

Conjugation of *ōbijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*ōbijō	*ōbijaų	—	*ōbijai	?
2nd singular	*ōbīsi	*ōbijais	*ōbī	*ōbijasai	*ōbijaisau
3rd singular	*ōbīþi	*ōbijai	*ōbijaþau	*ōbijaþai	*ōbijaiþau
1st dual	*ōbijōs	*ōbijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*ōbijaþiz	*ōbijaiþiz	*ōbijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*ōbijamaz	*ōbijaim	—	*ōbijanþai	*ōbijainþau
2nd plural	*ōbīþ	*ōbijaiþ	*ōbīþ	*ōbijanþai	*ōbijainþau
3rd plural	*ōbijanþi	*ōbijain	*ōbijanþau	*ōbijanþai	*ōbijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ōbidǭ	*ōbidēdį̄
2nd singular	*ōbidēz	*ōbidēdīz
3rd singular	*ōbidē	*ōbidēdī
1st dual	*ōbidēdū	*ōbidēdīw
2nd dual	*ōbidēdudiz	*ōbidēdīdiz
1st plural	*ōbidēdum	*ōbidēdīm
2nd plural	*ōbidēdud	*ōbidēdīd
3rd plural	*ōbidēdun	*ōbidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*ōbijandz	*ōbidaz

Related terms

Descendants

Old Frisian: ēwa, jōwa
- ⇒ Old Frisian: ōvenia, ōvonia, ōfnia
  - West Frisian: oefenje
Old Saxon: ōbian, ōvian
- Middle Low German: ôven
  - German Low German: öven
  - → Danish: øve
  - → Swedish: öva
  - → Norwegian: øve
Old Dutch: *uoven
- Middle Dutch: oeven
  - Dutch: oeven (archaic, dialectal)
  - ⇒ Middle Dutch: oefenen
    - Dutch: oefenen
      - Afrikaans: oefen
Old High German: uoben, uaben, uopen
- Middle High German: uoben, üeben, üben
  - German: üben
    - →? Saterland Frisian: üübje
    - → Luxembourgish: üben
  - Hunsrik: ieve
  - Rhine Franconian: iwe
Old Norse: *œfa
- Icelandic: æfa