Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ep-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₃ep-

1. to work, toil, make
2. ability, force

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃ep- (16 c, 0 e)

• *h₃ép ~ *h₃p-és
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háp
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háp
      • Sanskrit: अप् (áp)
• *h₃op-éh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *opā́
    • >? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀞 (o-pa) (unless < *h₃erbʰ-?)
• *h₃ép-(i)s, *h₃óp-(i)s
  • Proto-Italic: *opis
    • Latin: ops, ⇒ cōpia
    • ⇒? Oscan:
• *h₃ép-lom
  • Proto-Germanic: *aflą (see there for further descendants)
• *h₃ep-en-o-
  • *h₃ep-en-ont-
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-ap-pí-na-an-za /⁠ḫappinanta⁠/)
    • (perhaps) Italic: *opelentos (by dissimilation of *n-*n to *l-*n)
      • Latin: opulentus
• *h₃ép-n-i-s
  • Proto-Italic: *opnis
    • Latin: omnis (see there for further descendants)
    • Oscan: úinim
• *h₃ép-n-os ~ *h₃ép-n-es
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápnas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápnas
      • Sanskrit: अप्नस् (ápnas)
• *h₃ép-os ~ *h₃ép-es-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápas
      • Sanskrit: अपस् (ápas)
    • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HsuHápas (compounded with *Hsu-) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *opos
    • Latin: opus
    • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *opezāō
      • Oscan:

        𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌞𐌌 (úpsannúm), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌖 (úpsannu, gerundive.acc.sg.m.n.)

        𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsannam), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsanam, gerundive.acc.sg.f.)

        οπσανω (opsanō, gerundive.acc.pl.n.)

        𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (úpsed), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (upsed, 3s.pf.)

        𐌖𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (uupsens), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (upsens), ουπσενς (oupsens, 3p.pf.)

        𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌇 𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌕 (upsatuh sent, 3p.pf.ps.n.?)

      • Paelignian: upsaseter (3s/p.ipf.sb.ps.)
      • South Picene:

        ·𐌐𐌄𐌔𐌀𐌞·𐌌 (pesaú m, inf.)

        ·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌕 (psút), ·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌒 (psúq, 3s.pf.)

      • Umbrian:

        osatu (3s.ipv.II)

        oset(a est), oseto (est) (3s.pf.ps.f.)

      • Vestinian: ośens (3p.pf.)
• *h₃ép-r̥ ~ *h₃p-ér-
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈦 (ḫa-a-ap-pár /⁠ḫāppar⁠/)
• *h₃ép-s-tu-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *apstus
    • Lithuanian: apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Albanian: (perhaps)
  • Albanian: punë
• Armenian: (perhaps)
  • Old Armenian: *աւն (*awn)
• Proto-Germanic: *abnijaną (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)
• Proto-Hellenic: (perhaps)
  • >? Ancient Greek: ὄμπνη (ómpnē, “nourishment”) (most likely Pre-Greek)

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “780”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 780
• Chantraine, Pierre (1968–1980) “ὄμπνη”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (in French), Paris: Klincksieck, page 800b