Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/birhtijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

From *berhtaz (“bright”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈbirx.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb edit

*birhtijaną^[1]^[2]

to brighten, shine, make clear

Inflection edit

Conjugation of *birhtijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*birhtijō	*birhtijaų	—	*birhtijai	?
2nd singular	*birhtīsi	*birhtijais	*birhtī	*birhtijasai	*birhtijaisau
3rd singular	*birhtīþi	*birhtijai	*birhtijaþau	*birhtijaþai	*birhtijaiþau
1st dual	*birhtijōs	*birhtijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*birhtijaþiz	*birhtijaiþiz	*birhtijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*birhtijamaz	*birhtijaim	—	*birhtijanþai	*birhtijainþau
2nd plural	*birhtīþ	*birhtijaiþ	*birhtīþ	*birhtijanþai	*birhtijainþau
3rd plural	*birhtijanþi	*birhtijain	*birhtijanþau	*birhtijanþai	*birhtijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*birhtidǭ	*birhtidēdį̄
2nd singular	*birhtidēz	*birhtidēdīz
3rd singular	*birhtidē	*birhtidēdī
1st dual	*birhtidēdū	*birhtidēdīw
2nd dual	*birhtidēdudiz	*birhtidēdīdiz
1st plural	*birhtidēdum	*birhtidēdīm
2nd plural	*birhtidēdud	*birhtidēdīd
3rd plural	*birhtidēdun	*birhtidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*birhtijandz	*birhtidaz

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *birhtijan
- Old English: birhtan, brihtan, bierhtan, bryhtan, beorhtan
  - Middle English: brihten, briʒten, brighten, bryghten
    - English: brighten
Old Norse: birta
- Icelandic: birta
- Faroese: birta
- Norwegian: byrta
- Old Danish: birta
- Swedish: *birta (evidenced by a late derivation, birtan, attested in the 17th century)^[3]
Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bairhtjan)

References edit

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*berhtaz-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 60-61: “*berhtjan-”
^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*berxtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 42
^ birtan in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*berhtaz-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 60-61: “*berhtjan-”

[2] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*berxtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 42

[3] rtan in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

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[2]

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