Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frawurkijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *fra- +‎ *wurkijaną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˌɸrɑ.ˈwur.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*frawurkijaną

1. to work ill, do wrong; to sin

Inflection

Conjugation of *frawurkijaną (weak class 1 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*frawurkijō	*frawurkijaų	—	*frawurkijai	?
2nd singular	*frawurkīsi	*frawurkijais	*frawurkī	*frawurkijasai	*frawurkijaisau
3rd singular	*frawurkīþi	*frawurkijai	*frawurkijaþau	*frawurkijaþai	*frawurkijaiþau
1st dual	*frawurkijōs	*frawurkijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*frawurkijaþiz	*frawurkijaiþiz	*frawurkijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*frawurkijamaz	*frawurkijaim	—	*frawurkijanþai	*frawurkijainþau
2nd plural	*frawurkīþ	*frawurkijaiþ	*frawurkīþ	*frawurkijanþai	*frawurkijainþau
3rd plural	*frawurkijanþi	*frawurkijain	*frawurkijanþau	*frawurkijanþai	*frawurkijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*frawurhtǭ	*frawurhtēdį̄
2nd singular	*frawurhtēz	*frawurhtēdīz
3rd singular	*frawurhtē	*frawurhtēdī
1st dual	*frawurhtēdū	*frawurhtēdīw
2nd dual	*frawurhtēdudiz	*frawurhtēdīdiz
1st plural	*frawurhtēdum	*frawurhtēdīm
2nd plural	*frawurhtēdud	*frawurhtēdīd
3rd plural	*frawurhtēdun	*frawurhtēdīn
	present	past
participles	*frawurkijandz	*frawurkidaz

Derived terms

• *frawurhtiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *frawurkijan
  • Old English: forwyrcan
    • Middle English: forwurchen
      • English: forwork
  • Old Saxon: farwirkian
  • Old High German: firwurken
• Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (frawaurkjan)