Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grindaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrendʰ- (“to crush; gnash”). Cognate with Latin frendō (“to grind; gnash”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣrin.dɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*grindaną

1. to grind

Inflection

Conjugation of *grindaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grindō	*grindaų	—	*grindai	?
2nd singular	*grindizi	*grindaiz	*grind	*grindazai	*grindaizau
3rd singular	*grindidi	*grindai	*grindadau	*grindadai	*grindaidau
1st dual	*grindōz	*grindaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*grindadiz	*grindaidiz	*grindadiz	—	—
1st plural	*grindamaz	*grindaim	—	*grindandai	*grindaindau
2nd plural	*grindid	*grindaid	*grindid	*grindandai	*grindaindau
3rd plural	*grindandi	*grindain	*grindandau	*grindandai	*grindaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grand	*grundį̄
2nd singular	*granst	*grundīz
3rd singular	*grand	*grundī
1st dual	*grundū	*grundīw
2nd dual	*grundudiz	*grundīdiz
1st plural	*grundum	*grundīm
2nd plural	*grundud	*grundīd
3rd plural	*grundun	*grundīn
	present	past
participles	*grindandz	*grundanaz

Related terms

• *grandą
• *grandô
• *grindą
• *grindaz
• *grindstiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *grindan
  • Old English: grindan
    • Middle English: grynden, grinden, grenden
      • English: grind
      • Scots: grynde, grynd, grind
      • Yola: grieend, griende
  • Old Frisian: *grinda
    • Saterland Frisian: gríende, griene
  • Old Saxon: *grindan
    • Middle Low German: grinden
  • Old Dutch: *grindan
    • Middle Dutch: grinden, grenden
      • Dutch: grinden