Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haljō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *helaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑl.jɔː/

Noun

*haljō f

the netherworld, the underworld, hell

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *haljō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*haljō	*haljôz
vocative	*haljō	*haljôz
accusative	*haljǭ	*haljōz
genitive	*haljōz	*haljǫ̂
dative	*haljōi	*haljōmaz
instrumental	*haljō	*haljōmiz

Derived terms

*haljōwītiją (“hell-punishment, hell-torment”)
- Old English: hellewīte
- Old Saxon: helliwīti
- Old High German: hellawīzi
- Old Norse: helvíti
  - Icelandic: helvíti
  - Faroese: helviti
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: helvite, helvete; (dialectal) helvet
  - Old Swedish: hælvite
    - Swedish: helvete
    - → Finnish: helvetti
  - Danish: helvede

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hallju
- Old English: hell, hel
  - Middle English: helle, hel, hell; hælle
    - English: hell, Hell
    - Scots: hell, Hell
- Old Frisian: helle, hille
  - North Frisian: helle, hille, hel
  - Saterland Frisian: Hälle
  - West Frisian: hel
- Old Saxon: hel, hellja, hellia
  - Middle Low German: helle
    - German Low German: Helle, Hölle, Hell, Höll
    - Westphalian:
      Sauerländisch: Helle
      Westmünsterländisch: Helle f, Hell m
    - Plautdietsch: Hal
- Old Dutch: hella
  - Middle Dutch: helle
    - Dutch: hel
      - Afrikaans: hel
    - Limburgish: hel
- Old High German: hellia, hella
  - Middle High German: helle
    - Alemannic German: Hell
    - Cimbrian: hélla
    - German: Helle, Hölle
    - Luxembourgish: Häll
    - Rhine Franconian:
      Pennsylvania German: Hell
Old Norse: hel
- Icelandic: hel
- Faroese: hel
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hel
- Old Swedish: hæl
  - ⇒ Swedish: ihjäl, helsike
Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (halja)
→ Proto-Finnic: *koljoi (see there for further descendants)