Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hamô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑ.mɔːː/

Etymology 1

Uncertain; possibly from unattested strong verb *hamaną +‎ *-ô, perhaps cognate with Sanskrit शामूल (śāmūla, “woolen shirt”), seemingly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“to cover?”).^[1] Hyllested instead suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *haamoi.^[2]

Alternative reconstructions

*hamaz^[1]

Noun

*hamô m^[1]

Inflection

masculine an-stemDeclension of *hamô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hamô	*hamaniz
vocative	*hamô	*hamaniz
accusative	*hamanų	*hamanunz
genitive	*haminiz	*hamanǫ̂
dative	*hamini	*hamammaz
instrumental	*haminē	*hamammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hamō
- Old English: hama, homa
  - Middle English: hame, haum
    - English: hame, heam
- Old Frisian: *hama, *homa
  - North Frisian: hame
  - Saterland Frisian: Hoom
  - West Frisian: haam
- Old Saxon: *hamo
  - Middle Low German: hame, ham
- Old Dutch: *hamo
  - Middle Dutch: hame
    - Dutch: haam, ham
    - → Middle English: hame
      - English: hame
      - Scots: hame
- Old High German: *hamo
  - Middle High German: hame, ham
    - German: Hame, Hamen, Ham (dialectal)
    - → Hungarian: hám (see there for further descendants)
Old Norse: *hami, hamr
- Icelandic: hamur
- Faroese: hamur
- Danish: ham
- Norwegian Bokmål: ham
- Norwegian Nynorsk: ham
- Swedish: hamn

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-o-, from *ḱem- (“to restrain; shaft, collar”). Cognate with Sanskrit शम्या (śámyā, “yoke pin, plug, wedge”), Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬨𐬁 (simā, “yoke pin”), Ancient Greek κάμαξ (kámax, “pole, bar, shaft”), Old Armenian սամիք (samikʻ, “facewoods of a yoke”).^[3]

Noun

*hamô m^[3]

(West Germanic) rod, shaft

Inflection

masculine an-stemDeclension of *hamô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hamô	*hamaniz
vocative	*hamô	*hamaniz
accusative	*hamanų	*hamanunz
genitive	*haminiz	*hamanǫ̂
dative	*hamini	*hamammaz
instrumental	*haminē	*hamammiz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hamō
- Old English:
  - Middle English:
    - English: hame (“horse collar”)
- Old Dutch:
  - Middle Dutch: hame, haem (“horse collar”)
    - Dutch: haam (“horse collar”)
- Old High German: *hamo
  - Middle High German: hame (“fishing rod”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hama(n)- m. 'shape, physical form'”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 206
^ Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact (PhD. dissertation)‎^[2], Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, pages 101–103
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*haman- m. 'rod, shaft'”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 206

[EDPG1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hama(n)- m. 'shape, physical form'”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 206

[2] Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact (PhD. dissertation)‎^[2], Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, pages 101–103

[EDPG2-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*haman- m. 'rod, shaft'”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 206

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