Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwōtijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen this verb is a merger of:

• A causative verb equivalent to *hwētaną (“to attack, assault”) +‎ *-janą.
• A denominative verb equivalent to *hwōtō (“threat”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxʷɔː.ti.ja.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hwōtijaną

1. (transitive) to threaten
2. (transitive) to reprimand

Inflection

Conjugation of *hwōtijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hwōtijō	*hwōtijaų	—	*hwōtijai	?
2nd singular	*hwōtīsi	*hwōtijais	*hwōtī	*hwōtijasai	*hwōtijaisau
3rd singular	*hwōtīþi	*hwōtijai	*hwōtijaþau	*hwōtijaþai	*hwōtijaiþau
1st dual	*hwōtijōs	*hwōtijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hwōtijaþiz	*hwōtijaiþiz	*hwōtijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hwōtijamaz	*hwōtijaim	—	*hwōtijanþai	*hwōtijainþau
2nd plural	*hwōtīþ	*hwōtijaiþ	*hwōtīþ	*hwōtijanþai	*hwōtijainþau
3rd plural	*hwōtijanþi	*hwōtijain	*hwōtijanþau	*hwōtijanþai	*hwōtijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hwōtidǭ	*hwōtidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hwōtidēz	*hwōtidēdīz
3rd singular	*hwōtidē	*hwōtidēdī
1st dual	*hwōtidēdū	*hwōtidēdīw
2nd dual	*hwōtidēdudiz	*hwōtidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hwōtidēdum	*hwōtidēdīm
2nd plural	*hwōtidēdud	*hwōtidēdīd
3rd plural	*hwōtidēdun	*hwōtidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hwōtijandz	*hwōtidaz

Descendants

• Old Norse: hœta
  • Icelandic: hæta
  • Swedish: höta (obsolete)
  • Danish: høde (obsolete)
• Gothic: 𐍈𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ƕōtjan)