Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwaljaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *kwelaną (“to suffer”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkʷɑl.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kwaljaną

to make suffer, to hurt

Inflection

Conjugation of *kwaljaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kwaljō	*kwaljaų	—	*kwaljai	?
2nd singular	*kwalisi	*kwaljais	*kwali	*kwaljasai	*kwaljaisau
3rd singular	*kwaliþi	*kwaljai	*kwaljaþau	*kwaljaþai	*kwaljaiþau
1st dual	*kwaljōs	*kwaljaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kwaljaþiz	*kwaljaiþiz	*kwaljaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*kwaljamaz	*kwaljaim	—	*kwaljanþai	*kwaljainþau
2nd plural	*kwaliþ	*kwaljaiþ	*kwaliþ	*kwaljanþai	*kwaljainþau
3rd plural	*kwaljanþi	*kwaljain	*kwaljanþau	*kwaljanþai	*kwaljainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kwalidǭ	*kwalidēdį̄
2nd singular	*kwalidēz	*kwalidēdīz
3rd singular	*kwalidē	*kwalidēdī
1st dual	*kwalidēdū	*kwalidēdīw
2nd dual	*kwalidēdudiz	*kwalidēdīdiz
1st plural	*kwalidēdum	*kwalidēdīm
2nd plural	*kwalidēdud	*kwalidēdīd
3rd plural	*kwalidēdun	*kwalidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*kwaljandz	*kwalidaz

Derived terms

*kwalīniz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kwalljan
- Old English: cwellan
  - Middle English: quellen, cwellen, quell, quelle, qwell, qwelle, cwellenn (Ormulum)
    - English: quell
    - Scots: quell, quel
- Old Saxon: quellian
- Old Dutch: *quellen, quelen (attested as a weak verb quelen without the geminate -ll-)
  - Middle Dutch: quellen
    - Dutch: kwellen
      - Afrikaans: kwel
- Old High German: quellen
  - Middle High German: quellen, queln
    - German: quälen
Old Norse: kvelja
- Icelandic: kvelja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: kvelja, kvela
- Old Swedish: qvælia
  - Swedish: kvälja
- Danish: kvæle
  - Norwegian Bokmål: kvele