Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rukkijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *rukkiz (“pull, jerk”) +‎ *-janą. Ultimately from the same source as *rukkōną (“to rock”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈruk.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*rukkijaną^[1]^[2]

to pull, to tug
to rock

Inflection

Conjugation of *rukkijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*rukkijō	*rukkijaų	—	*rukkijai	?
2nd singular	*rukkīsi	*rukkijais	*rukkī	*rukkijasai	*rukkijaisau
3rd singular	*rukkīþi	*rukkijai	*rukkijaþau	*rukkijaþai	*rukkijaiþau
1st dual	*rukkijōs	*rukkijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*rukkijaþiz	*rukkijaiþiz	*rukkijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*rukkijamaz	*rukkijaim	—	*rukkijanþai	*rukkijainþau
2nd plural	*rukkīþ	*rukkijaiþ	*rukkīþ	*rukkijanþai	*rukkijainþau
3rd plural	*rukkijanþi	*rukkijain	*rukkijanþau	*rukkijanþai	*rukkijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*rukkidǭ	*rukkidēdį̄
2nd singular	*rukkidēz	*rukkidēdīz
3rd singular	*rukkidē	*rukkidēdī
1st dual	*rukkidēdū	*rukkidēdīw
2nd dual	*rukkidēdudiz	*rukkidēdīdiz
1st plural	*rukkidēdum	*rukkidēdīm
2nd plural	*rukkidēdud	*rukkidēdīd
3rd plural	*rukkidēdun	*rukkidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*rukkijandz	*rukkidaz

Related terms

*rukkōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *rukkijan
- Old English: *ryċċan
  - Middle English: ricchen, riche, ruchchen, ruchen, rycchen, rychen
- Old Saxon: *rukkian
  - Middle Low German: rucken, rüggen, rücken
    - German Low German: rücken
    - → Saterland Frisian: rukje, rukke
- Old Dutch: *rukken
  - Middle Dutch: rucken
    - Dutch: rukken
- Old High German: rucken
  - Middle High German: rucken, rücken
    - German: rücken, (rucken)
Old Norse: rykkja
- Icelandic: rykkja
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: rykke
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: rykke, rykka
- Swedish: rycka
- → Middle English: *rikken
  - English: rick
  - Scots: rick

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*rukk/gōn- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 417: “*rukkjan-”
^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*rukkjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 308

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*rukk/gōn- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 417: “*rukkjan-”

[2] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*rukkjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 308

[1]

[2]