Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/singwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *séngʷʰ-e-ti, from *sengʷʰ- (“to recite, sing”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀμφή (omphḗ, “divine voice, oracle”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsin.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃/, [ˈs̠ɪŋʷ.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃]

Verb

*singwaną

1. to sing

Inflection

Conjugation of *singwaną (strong class 3)

	active voice				passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*singwō	*singwaų	—		*singwai	?
2nd singular	*singwizi	*singwaiz	*singw		*singwazai	*singwaizau
3rd singular	*singwidi	*singwai	*singwadau		*singwadai	*singwaidau
1st dual	*singwōz	*singwaiw	—		—	—
2nd dual	*singwadiz	*singwaidiz	*singwadiz		—	—
1st plural	*singwamaz	*singwaim	—		*singwandai	*singwaindau
2nd plural	*singwid	*singwaid	*singwid		*singwandai	*singwaindau
3rd plural	*singwandi	*singwain	*singwandau		*singwandai	*singwaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sangw	*sungį̄
2nd singular	*sanht	*sungīz
3rd singular	*sangw	*sungī
1st dual	*sungū	*sungīw
2nd dual	*sungudiz	*sungīdiz
1st plural	*sungum	*sungīm
2nd plural	*sungud	*sungīd
3rd plural	*sungun	*sungīn
	present	past
participles	*singwandz	*sunganaz

Derived terms

• *bisingwaną
• *sangwaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *singwan
  • Old English: singan
    • Middle English: singen, cingen, cinggen, singgen, singe, synge, syngen, cyngyn, cynggyn, zinge (Kent)
      • English: sing
      • Scots: sing
      • Yola: zing
  • Old Frisian: singa, siunga, sionga
    • North Frisian: schong
    • Saterland Frisian: sjunge
    • West Frisian: sjonge
  • Old Saxon: singan
    • Middle Low German: singen
      • Low German: singen
      • Plautdietsch: sinjen
  • Old Dutch: singan
    • Middle Dutch: singen
      • Dutch: zingen
        • Afrikaans: sing
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: singgi
        • Jersey Dutch: sänge
        • Negerhollands: sing, siṅ
        • → Sranan Tongo: singi
          • → Caribbean Javanese: singi
      • Limburgish: zinge
  • Old High German: singan
    • Middle High German: singen
      • Alemannic German:
        • Swabian:
          • Sathmar Swabian: singe
      • Bavarian: singa
        • Cimbrian: singen
      • Central Franconian:
        • Hunsrik: singe
      • German: singen
      • Luxembourgish: sangen
      • Rhine Franconian:
        • Pennsylvania German: singe
      • Yiddish: זינגען (zingen)
• Old Norse: syngva, syngja
  • Icelandic: syngja
  • Faroese: syngja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: syngja, syngje, synga, synge
  • Jamtish: syngje, sjunge
  • Dalian: singa, siunga
    • Elfdalian: singga
  • Old Swedish: siunga
    • Swedish: sjunga
  • Old Danish: siungæ
    • Danish: synge
      • Norwegian Bokmål: synge
    • Scanian: sjonga, sjønga
  • Old Gutnish: singva
    • Gutnish: singge, singg', singga
• Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (siggwan)
• Crimean Gothic: singhen