Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stainaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *stoyh₂nos, o-grade from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”). Compare Proto-Slavic *stěna (“cliff, rock”) and Ancient Greek στῖον (stîon, “pebble”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɑi̯.nɑz/

Noun

*stainaz m

1. stone

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *stainaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*stainaz	*stainōz, *stainōs
vocative	*stain	*stainōz, *stainōs
accusative	*stainą	*stainanz
genitive	*stainas, *stainis	*stainǫ̂
dative	*stainai	*stainamaz
instrumental	*stainō	*stainamiz

Derived terms

• *agjōstainaz
• *stainagaz
• *stainijaną
• *stainīnaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *stain
  • Old English: stān
    • Middle English: ston, stan, stane, stoan, stone, stoon, stoone
      • English: stone (see there for further descendants)
      • Geordie English: styen
      • Scots: stane
      • Yola: sthoan
      • → Anglo-Norman: ston
  • Old Frisian: stēn
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr-Amrum: stian

      Goesharde: stiin

      Halligen: stian

      Heligoland: Stean

      Mooring: stiinj

      Sylt: Stiin

      Wiedingharde: stiin

    • Saterland Frisian: Steen
    • West Frisian: stien
  • Old Saxon: stēn
    • Middle Low German: stên, stein
      • Low German:
        • German Low German:

          Hamburgisch: Steen

        • Westphalian:

          Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Stëin

          Lippisch: Steun

          Sauerländisch: Stäin, Stoin, Stǟn, Stain, Steyn

          Westmünsterländisch: Steen

      • Plautdietsch: Steen
  • Old Dutch: stēn
    • Middle Dutch: stêen
      • Dutch: steen
        • Afrikaans: steen
          • → Sotho: setene
          • → Southern Ndebele: isitina
          • → Zulu: isitini
            • Fanagalo: stin
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: ten
        • Negerhollands: steen, stin, sten
          • → Virgin Islands Creole: sten (dated)
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: stene, stenna
        • → Papiamentu: stenchi (from the diminutive)
      • Limburgish: stein
  • Old High German: stein
    • Middle High German: stein
      • Alemannic German: Steei

        Swabian: Schdoi, Schdoa

      • Bavarian: Staa, Stan, Stoa, Stoan, Stuan
      • Central Franconian: Stään, Steen, Stein

        Hunsrik: Steen, xtayn

        Transylvanian Saxon: Stien

      • German: Stein
      • Luxembourgish: Steen
      • Vilamovian: śtan
      • Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)
• Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ)
  • Old Norse: steinn, ᛋᛏᛡᛁᚾ (stᴀin), ᛋᛏᛅᛁᚾ (stain), ᛋᛏᛁᚾ (stin), stæinn — Old East Norse
    • Icelandic: steinn
    • Faroese: steinur
    • Norn: stenn, sten
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: stein
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: stein
    • Jamtish: stein
    • Elfdalian: stien
    • Old Swedish: stēn
      • Swedish: sten
    • Old Danish: stēn
      • Scanian: stén
      • Danish: sten
        • Norwegian Bokmål: sten
    • Old Gutnish: stain
      • Gutnish: stain
    • → Middle English: steinen, steynen
      • English: stain
• Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains)