Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stuþjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Alternative reconstructions edit

*studjaną^[1]

Etymology edit

From *stuþs (“support, prop, post”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈstuθ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb edit

*stuþjaną^[2]

to support

Inflection edit

Conjugation of *stuþjaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*stuþjō	*stuþjaų	—	*stuþjai	?
2nd singular	*stuþisi	*stuþjais	*stuþi	*stuþjasai	*stuþjaisau
3rd singular	*stuþiþi	*stuþjai	*stuþjaþau	*stuþjaþai	*stuþjaiþau
1st dual	*stuþjōs	*stuþjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stuþjaþiz	*stuþjaiþiz	*stuþjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*stuþjamaz	*stuþjaim	—	*stuþjanþai	*stuþjainþau
2nd plural	*stuþiþ	*stuþjaiþ	*stuþiþ	*stuþjanþai	*stuþjainþau
3rd plural	*stuþjanþi	*stuþjain	*stuþjanþau	*stuþjanþai	*stuþjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stuþidǭ	*stuþidēdį̄
2nd singular	*stuþidēz	*stuþidēdīz
3rd singular	*stuþidē	*stuþidēdī
1st dual	*stuþidēdū	*stuþidēdīw
2nd dual	*stuþidēdudiz	*stuþidēdīdiz
1st plural	*stuþidēdum	*stuþidēdīm
2nd plural	*stuþidēdud	*stuþidēdīd
3rd plural	*stuþidēdun	*stuþidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*stuþjandz	*stuþidaz

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *stuþþjan
- Old High German: studden, studen
  - Middle High German: stüden
Old Norse: styðja
- Icelandic: styðja
- Swedish: stödja

References edit

^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*stuđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 382
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*stuþ/d-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 489: “*stuþjan-”

[1] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*stuđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 382

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*stuþ/d-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 489: “*stuþjan-”

[1]

[2]