Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tawjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Factitive derived from an adjective *tawaz, from Pre-Germanic *dowh₂os, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂-. Possibly attested as *gatawaz, borrowed into Proto-Slavic *gotovъ, though this is disputed.

Cognate with Tocharian B tsuwa and Ancient Greek δύναμαι (dúnamai).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtɑu̯.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*tawjaną

1. to make, complete

Inflection

Conjugation of *tawjaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*tawjō	*tawjaų	—	*tawjai	?
2nd singular	*tawisi	*tawjais	*tawi	*tawjasai	*tawjaisau
3rd singular	*tawiþi	*tawjai	*tawjaþau	*tawjaþai	*tawjaiþau
1st dual	*tawjōs	*tawjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*tawjaþiz	*tawjaiþiz	*tawjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*tawjamaz	*tawjaim	—	*tawjanþai	*tawjainþau
2nd plural	*tawiþ	*tawjaiþ	*tawiþ	*tawjanþai	*tawjainþau
3rd plural	*tawjanþi	*tawjain	*tawjanþau	*tawjanþai	*tawjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*tawidǭ	*tawidēdį̄
2nd singular	*tawidēz	*tawidēdīz
3rd singular	*tawidē	*tawidēdī
1st dual	*tawidēdū	*tawidēdīw
2nd dual	*tawidēdudiz	*tawidēdīdiz
1st plural	*tawidēdum	*tawidēdīm
2nd plural	*tawidēdud	*tawidēdīd
3rd plural	*tawidēdun	*tawidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*tawjandz	*tawidaz

Related terms

• *tōlą

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *tauwjan, *tawōn
  • Old English: tawian (class 2 weak) (< *tawōn); tēaġan, tēan
    • Middle English: tawen, tauwen, tewen
      • English: taw, tew
      • Scots: taw
  • Old Saxon: *tōian
    • Middle Low German: touwen
  • Old Dutch: *touwen, *tōien
    • Middle Dutch: touwen, tôyen, tooyen
      • Dutch: touwen, tooien
        • Afrikaans: tooi
  • Old High German: zouwen
    • Middle High German: zouwen (in bezouwen, enzouwen, erzouwen, etc.), zöuwen
• Proto-Norse: ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ (tawidō, 1st singular past indicative), ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛖ (tawidē, 3rd singular past indicative)
  • Old Norse: tjá, tœja, tǿja, týja, tjóa
    • Icelandic: tjá, tæja, týja, tjóa
    • Swedish: te, töja, tya, tjuga
• Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (taujan)
  • → Galician: ataviar
  • → Portuguese: ataviar
  • → Spanish: ataviar