Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰrem-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*ǵʰrem-

(transitive) to vex, torment
(intransitive) to be angry, upset

Alternative reconstructions edit

*gʰrem-^[1]^[2]^[3]
*ǵʰerH-^[4]^[5]
*gʰres-,^[6]^[7] *gʰers-^[8]

Reconstruction notes edit

Depalatalization of *ǵ before *r in Indo-Iranian due to Weise's Law.

Derived terms edit

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰrem-‎ (4 c, 0 e)

*ǵʰérm̥-ti ~ *ǵʰr̥m-énti / *ǵʰr̥m-tór ~ *ǵʰr̥m-n̥tór (athematic root present)^[4]^[9]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰrḗm-s-t ~ *ǵʰrém-s-ént (s-aorist)
- Proto-Tocharian: *krās- (“to vex, torment; to be angry”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hágʰrānsat
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hágrānsat
    - Sogdian:
      Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑𐼎𐼀𐼊 (ɣrʾnsnʾy /⁠ɣrānsnē⁠/, “annoyed, angry, irritable”, pres.ptc.)

*ǵʰr̥m-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥ntás
  - Proto-Iranian: *gr̥ntáh
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *gr̥ntákaH
      - Sogdian:
        Manichaean script: 𐫃̌𐫡𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫙 (ǧrʾndʿ /⁠ɣrandyy⁠/, “irritated”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *aHgr̥mtáh
      - Proto-Sogdic: *aHgr̥ntāns
        Sogdian:
        Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼲𐽀𐼰𐼻𐽂𐼰𐼻𐽂 (ʾɣrʾntʾnt /⁠āɣrantant⁠/, 3pl.ptc.)

*ǵʰrém-ont-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámans
  - Proto-Iranian: *grámans
    - Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, acc.sg.ptc.pres.)
    - Sogdian:
      Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑 (ɣrʾns /⁠ɣrans⁠/, “to get angry”)

*ǵʰrom-éye-ti (éye-causative)^[10]
- Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to cause to be angry, provoke”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *ǵʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal infix)
- Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to be angry”) (< *ǵʰrénmeti^[11]) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰrem-nó-s^[12] or *ǵʰrem-wó-s
- Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“angry, irritated, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰróm-o-s^[13]
- Proto-Germanic: *gramaz (“furious, hostile”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰŕ̥m-eh₂^[14]
- Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē)

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ghrem-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 458-459
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrem-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 204
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gram”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*?*g̑ʰeRH-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*zarH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 338-340: “*ghres-”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krās-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 231: “PIE *gʰres- ‘± threaten, torment’”
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. ghers-, ghres-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 445
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*gram-, *gar-m-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 284-286
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gʰrom-éie-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grimman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
^ Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “grim”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144: “PIE: *ghremno-”
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χρεμετίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1647: “*gʰromo-”
^ van Beek, Lucien (2022) The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 432: “PIE *gʰr̥m-eh₂‑”

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ghrem-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 458-459

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrem-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 204

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gram”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122

[LIV_gheRH-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*?*g̑ʰeRH-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178

[5] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*zarH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469

[6] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 338-340: “*ghres-”

[7] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krās-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 231: “PIE *gʰres- ‘± threaten, torment’”

[8] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. ghers-, ghres-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 445

[ESIJa-9] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*gram-, *gar-m-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 284-286

[10] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gʰrom-éie-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186

[11] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grimman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190

[12] Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “grim”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144: “PIE: *ghremno-”

[13] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χρεμετίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1647: “*gʰromo-”

[14] van Beek, Lucien (2022) The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 432: “PIE *gʰr̥m-eh₂‑”

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