Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂erǵ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂erǵ-^[1]^[2]

white, argent
glittering

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂erǵ- (20 c, 0 e)

*h₂r̥ǵ-ént-s ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-n̥t-és
- *h₂r̥ǵn̥t-ó-m (“silver”)^[3]
*h₂érǵ-os ~ *h₂érǵ-es-os
- Proto-Hellenic: *árgos
  - Ancient Greek: Ἄργος (Árgos)
- *h₂(e)rǵ-ḗs
  - Proto-Hellenic: *-argḗs
    - Ancient Greek: ἐν-αργής (en-argḗs)
*h₂érǵ-i-s ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-éy-s^[4]
- Proto-Anatolian: *Hárǵis
  - Hittite: 𒄯𒆠𒅖 (ḫarkiš), 𒄯𒅗𒅖 (ḫarkaiš, “white, bright”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́i-
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́i-
    - Sanskrit: ऋजिश्वन् (ṛji-śvan)
- Proto-Hellenic: *argi-
  - Ancient Greek: ἀργί-πους (argí-pous)
- (possibly) *h₂r̥ǵipyós
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás
      - Sanskrit: ऋजिप्य (ṛjipyá)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *argipiós
    - Ancient Greek: αἰγυπιός (aigupiós), ἀργιόπους (argiópous)
  - Proto-Armenian:
    - Old Armenian: արծուի (arcui)
*h₂érǵ-ro-m^[3]
- Proto-Germanic: *arkrą, *akrą (“type of metal”)^[3]
  - Proto-West Germanic: *arkr, *akr
    - Old Dutch: *akar
      - Middle Dutch: *acker
        Dutch: aecker (archaic)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *arkanaz (“genuine, pure”) (or more likely *erknaz, from *h₁erg- ~ *h₁erǵ-)
    - Old English: eorcan, eorcnan, earcnan (in compounds)
    - Old High German: erchan
    - Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌽𐍃 (airkns)
*h₂r̥ǵ-ró-s^[3]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀργός (argós, “white, bright”) (earlier *ἀργρός (*argrós)^[4])
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́rás (“red, reddish”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́rás
    - Sanskrit: ऋज्र (ṛjrá)
*h₂érǵ-u-s
- Proto-Italic: *argus
  - ⇒? Proto-Italic: *arguō (denominative)
    - Latin: arguō (“to make clear”) (see there for further descendants)
- *h₂érǵ-u-nom or *h₂érǵ-wr̥ ~ h₂r̥ǵ-wén-s^[5]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárȷ́unam (“silver, white”)
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárȷ́unam
      - Sanskrit: अर्जुन (árjuna)
        → Hindi: अर्जुन (arjun)
        
        Pali: ajjuna
        
        Bengali: অজ্জুন (ojjun)
        
        Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼𑀡 (ajjuṇa)
- *h₂érǵ-u-ros or *h₂érǵ-wr̥ ~ h₂r̥ǵ-wén-s
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἄργυρος (árguros, “silver”)
- *h₂érǵ-w-i-s
  - Proto-Tocharian: *ārkwi (“white”)^[6] (see there for further descendants)
*h₂r̥ǵ-yó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *argyos (“white”)^[7] (reconstruction uncertain)
  - >? Proto-Brythonic: *ėrɣ (“snow”) (see there for further descendants)
  - >? Gaulish: *argios
    - ⇒ Gaulish: *Argiotalos?
      - → Latin: Argiotalus (given name)
*h₂érǵ-nōw ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-nw-ós^[4]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (ḫargnau-, “palm (of hand), sole (of foot)”)
*h₂r̥ǵ-ḗt-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *argḗts
  - Ancient Greek: ἀργής (argḗs)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: արծնեմ (arcnem)
- Old Armenian: արծարծեմ (arcarcem)

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₂erg̑-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 317-322
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “akra- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 18: “h₂reǵ-ro-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “*arganto-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 41
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ārkwi”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 53
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*argyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 41–42

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[2] Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₂erg̑-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 317-322

[Kroonen-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “akra- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 18: “h₂reǵ-ro-”

[Kloekhorst-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[Delamarre-5] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “*arganto-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 41

[6] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ārkwi”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 53

[7] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*argyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 41–42

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