Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*swer-^[1]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *swer- (ache)‎ (4 c, 0 e)

*swer- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *sweraną (see there for further descendants)
*swer-wos
- Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *hwerw
    - Old Breton: hueru
      - Breton: c'hwerv
    - Cornish: hwerow
    - Middle Welsh: chwerw
      - Welsh: chwerw
  - Old Irish: serb
    - Irish: searbh
    - Scottish Gaelic: searbh
    - Manx: sharroo
*swer-tó- or *swer-dʰo-
- Germanic: (unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut') *swerdą (“sword”) (see there for further descendants)
*swer-ō
- Proto-Germanic: *swerô
  - Old High German: swero
    - German: Schwäre
*swór-os
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)

Root

*swer-^[2]^[3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *swer- (swear)‎ (6 c, 0 e)

*swér-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati
    - Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)
*swor-ye- (o-grade ye-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”) (see there for further descendants)
*swor-éye- (causative)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *svariti (see there for further descendants)
*swor-eh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”) (see there for further descendants)
*swor-ós
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *svarъ (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Italic:
  - Latin: (possibly) surdus (“deaf”)
  - Latin: (perhaps) susurrus (“whisper, rustle”)
  - Oscan: (possibly) sverruneí (“speaker?”, dative singular)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “zweren”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[1] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “zweren”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[1] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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