Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/ǰámaHnaH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Alternative reconstructions

*ǰámaHnam n^[1]

Etymology

Nominalization of *ǰámaHnah (“arriving quickly, timely, prompt”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰámaHnas, from *Háǰant (“to come, arrive”, athematic aorist, see *gʷémt) +‎ *-aHnas (middle past participle suffix)^[2]. Compare cognates Middle Persian [script needed] (hngʾm /⁠hangām⁠/, “time, occasion”), [script needed] (hngʾmyk' /⁠hangāmīg⁠/, “timely”), Sogdian [Syriac needed] (nɣʾm, “time, moment, hour”), Northern Kurdish gav (“time, moment”).

Noun

*ǰámaHnaH f^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5]

time, occasion
hour

Inflection

aH-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǰámaHnaH	*ǰámaHnay	*ǰámaHnāh
vocative	*ǰámaHnay	*ǰámaHnay	*ǰámaHnāh
accusative	*ǰámaHnām	*ǰámaHnay	*ǰámaHnāh
instrumental	*ǰámaHnayaH	*ǰámaHnaHbyā	*ǰámaHnaHbiš
ablative	*ǰámaHnayaHh	*ǰámaHnaHbyā	*ǰámaHnaHbyah
dative	*ǰámaHnayaHy	*ǰámaHnaHbyā	*ǰámaHnaHbyah
genitive	*ǰámaHnayaHh	*ǰámaHnāyāh	*ǰámaHnaHnām
locative	*ǰámaHnayaH	*ǰámaHnāyaw	*ǰámaHnaHsu

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *ǰā́mānā
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *jā́mānā
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (jāmana)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: ζαμανο (zamano)
  - Khwarezmian: 𐾸𐾽𐾰𐾾 (zmʾn), 𐾸𐾽𐾰𐾾𐾺𐾻 (zmʾnyk)
  - Sogdian: (/⁠žamnu⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫋𐫖𐫗𐫇 (jmnw)
    
    Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼺𐼻𐼴 (zmnw)
    
    Old Sogdian script: 𐼈𐼍𐼎𐼇 (zmnw)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *ǰǽmǣnæ
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *ǰ́ǽmǣn
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *ǰ́œ́mœ̄n
      - Shughni:^[5]
        Bartangi, Roshani: ɣ̌amōnd
        
        Oroshori: ɣ̌amund
        
        Roshani: ɣ̌ümōn
Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian: (/⁠žamān⁠/)
  Manichaean script: 𐫋𐫖𐫀𐫗 (jmʾn), 𐫋𐫖𐫀𐫀𐫗 (jmʾʾn)
  - → Old Armenian: ժամանակ (žamanak)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Bashkardi:
  Minabi: زمان (zamân)
- Old Persian: *jamānā
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠zamān⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫀𐫗 (zmʾn)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ẕmʾn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (zmn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ODNA)
    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭣𐭭𐭠 (ODNA)
    - Persian: زمان (zamân)
      - → Armenian: զաման (zaman)
      - → Azerbaijani: zaman
      - → Bashkir: заман (zaman)
      - → Gilaki: [script needed] (zəmån)
      - → Kazakh: заман (zaman)
      - → Kermanic:
        Qohrudi: zamān
      - → Khalaj: zamân
      - → Central Kurdish: زه‌مان (zeman)
      - → Kyrgyz: заман (zaman)
      - → Malay: زمان / zaman
        Indonesian: zaman, jaman
      - → Ossetian: за́ман (záman)
      - → Pashto: زمانه (zamâna)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: زمان (zaman)
        → Turkish: zaman
        → Greek: ζαμάνι (zamáni)
        → Albanian: zaman
        → Serbo-Croatian: заман
      - → Tatar: заман (zaman)
      - → Waigali: zëmën
  - → Akkadian: 𒋛𒈠𒉡 (si-ma-nu /⁠simānu⁠/)^[6]
  - → Imperial Aramaic: 𐡆𐡌𐡍𐡀 (zmnʾ)^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*ǰamāna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 128
^ de Vaan, Michiel (2003) Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 142
^ Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2000) Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan I. Legal and Economic Documents (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II; VI), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 191: “*ǰamānā-”
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “zmn-”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 461: “<*žaman(a); <*žamanu”
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Morgenstierne, Georg (1974) “ɣ̌amōnd”, in Etymological Vocabulary of the Shughni Group (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 6), Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 38: “*ǰamāma-”
^ contra Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎^[1], Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, pages 91–92, the chronology still allows this, and an isolated Old Babylonian discovery for otherwise late occurrence shapes an exception that proves the rule.
^ Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎^[2] (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 152
^ Růžička, Rudolf (1909) “Konsonantische Dissimilation in den semitischen Sprachen”, in Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎^[3] (in German), volume VI, number 4, Leipzig · Baltimore: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung · The Johns Hopkins Press, pages 92–93
^ Hinz, Walther (1975) “*jamāna-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[4] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 142
^ Panaino, Antonio (2017) “The Origins of Middle Persian Zamān and Related Words: A Controversial Etymological History”, in Iran & the Caucasus‎^[5], volume 21, number 2, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, pages 150–195

[ESIJa-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*ǰamāna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 128

[2] Vaan, Michiel (2003) Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 142

[3] Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2000) Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan I. Legal and Economic Documents (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II; VI), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 191: “*ǰamānā-”

[4] Gharib, B. (1995) “zmn-”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 461: “<*žaman(a); <*žamanu”

[EVSh-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Morgenstierne, Georg (1974) “ɣ̌amōnd”, in Etymological Vocabulary of the Shughni Group (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 6), Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 38: “*ǰamāma-”

[6] tra Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎^[1], Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, pages 91–92, the chronology still allows this, and an isolated Old Babylonian discovery for otherwise late occurrence shapes an exception that proves the rule.

[7] Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎^[2] (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 152

[8] Růžička, Rudolf (1909) “Konsonantische Dissimilation in den semitischen Sprachen”, in Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎^[3] (in German), volume VI, number 4, Leipzig · Baltimore: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung · The Johns Hopkins Press, pages 92–93

[Hinz-9] Hinz, Walther (1975) “*jamāna-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[4] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 142

[10] Panaino, Antonio (2017) “The Origins of Middle Persian Zamān and Related Words: A Controversial Etymological History”, in Iran & the Caucasus‎^[5], volume 21, number 2, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, pages 150–195

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