Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḏikar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ḏikar- m

man, male

Reconstruction notes

Kogan (2011) reconstructs *ḏakar- instead.

Inflection

Declension of *ḏikar-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ḏikarum

*ḏikarāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*ḏikarim

*ḏikarayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*ḏikaram

possessive forms

1st person

*ḏikarī / *ḏikarVya

—

*ḏikarVni

2nd person m

*ḏikarVka

*ḏikarVkumā / *ḏikarVkumay

*ḏikarVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ḏikarVki

*ḏikarVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ḏikarVšu

*ḏikarVšumā / *ḏikarVšumay

*ḏikarVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ḏikarVša

*ḏikarVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḏikaruya for nom. case, *ḏikariya for gen. case, *ḏikaraya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḏikar-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ḏikaruka	*ḏikarāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*ḏikarika	*ḏikarayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*ḏikaraka	*ḏikarayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḏikar-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ḏikaruki	*ḏikarāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*ḏikariki	*ḏikarayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*ḏikaraki	*ḏikarayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒍑 (zikarum), 𒈬 (zikrum, “mention”)
- Eblaite: 𒍑 (NITA /⁠ḏakarum⁠/, “male”)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: ذَكَر (ḏakar, “male”)
    - Egyptian Arabic: دكر (dákar)
    - Gulf Arabic: ذَكَر (ḏəkər), ذِكَر (ḏekər)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: דִּכְרָא (diḵrā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܕܷ݁ܟܪܳܐ (deḵrā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: זָכָר (zakhár, zāḵār)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎄𐎋𐎗 (dkr /⁠dakaru⁠/, “male; ram”)
- Old South Arabian:
  - Sabaean: 𐩹𐩫𐩧 (ḏkr): ( )

References

Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 234
Schwally, Friedrich (1891) “Miscellen”, in Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (in German), volume 11, pages 178–179