Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yalŋuz

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

• *yalŋus

Etymology

Tekin and Nişanyan both suggest a crasis of *yalïŋ and *ȫŕ (“self”) thus "bare, lone self". Erdal instead suggests a crasis of *yalïŋ and *us (“reason”). Clauson's suggestion that it is foreign due to an original *-s is baseless.

Adjective

*yalŋuz

1. (Common Turkic) alone, lonely

Declension

Declension of *yalŋuz

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*yalŋuz
Accusative	*yalŋuznï, *yalŋuzug 4), *yalŋuznïg 1)
Genitive	*yalŋuznïŋ
Dative	*yalŋuzka
Locative	*yalŋuzda
Ablative	*yalŋuzdan
Allative	*yalŋuzgaru
Instrumental 2)	*yalŋuzun
Equative 2)	*yalŋuzča
Similative 2)	*yalŋuzlayu
Comitative 2)	*yalŋuzlugu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Common Turkic: *yalŋuz (“alone”)

• Kipchak
  • West Turkic
    • Kumyk: янгуз (yañuz)
  • North Turkic
    • Bashkir: яңғыҙ (yañğıź), ялан (yalan), яланғас (yalanğas)
    • Tatar: ялгыз (yalgız)
  • South Turkic
    • Aral
      • Kazakh: жалғыз (jalğyz)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
      • Kyrgyz: жалгыз (jalgız)
      • Southern Altai: јаҥыс (ǰaŋïs)
• Karluk
  • Uzbek: yolgʻiz
• Oghuz
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: yalnız, yalqız
    • Ottoman Turkish: یالڭز (yalñız)
      • Turkish: yalnız, yalağuz (dial.)
  • Salar: yalğuz, yalañaz
  • Turkmen: ýalňyz
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰀𐰞𐰭𐰆𐰽 (yalıŋus)
    • Old Uyghur: yʾlnkwz, yʾlnqwz (yalŋuz), yʾlnkws (yalŋus)
  • South Siberian:
    • Yenisei:
      • Khakas: чалғыс (çalğıs)
      • Northern Altai: ньагыс (nʹagïs)
      • Shor: чағыс
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tofa: нюӈус
      • Tuvan: чаңгыс (çañgıs)
    • Western Yugur: yaŋğïs
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: соҕотох (soğotoq)

References

• al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “yalŋu:s”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 930-931
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “yalnız”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 182
• Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, page 97
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jạlɨŋ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill