Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/arjan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *arjaną.

Verb

*arjan

1. to plough, plow

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	*arjan
1st sg. past	*aridā
Infinitive	*arjan
Genitive infin.	*arjannjas
Dative infin.	*arjannjē
Instrum. infin.	*arjannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*arju	*aridā
2nd singular	*arisi	*aridēs, *aridōs
3rd singular	*ariþi	*aridē, *aridā
1st plural	*arjum	*aridum
2nd plural	*ariþ	*aridud
3rd plural	*arjanþ	*aridun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*arjē	*aridī
2nd singular	*arjēs	*aridī
3rd singular	*arjē	*aridī
1st plural	*arjēm	*aridīm
2nd plural	*arjēþ	*aridīd
3rd plural	*arjēn	*aridīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*ari
Plural	*ariþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*arjandī	*arid

Strong class 7 j-present
Infinitive	*arjan
1st sg. past	*ēr
3rd pl. past	*ērun
Past ptcple	*aran
Infinitive	*arjan
Genitive infin.	*arjannjas
Dative infin.	*arjannjē
Instrum. infin.	*arjannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*arju	*ēr
2nd singular	*ariʀi	*ērī
3rd singular	*aridi	*ēr
1st plural	*arjum	*ērum
2nd plural	*arid	*ērud
3rd plural	*arjand	*ērun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*arjē	*ērī
2nd singular	*arjēs	*ērī
3rd singular	*arjē	*ērī
1st plural	*arjēm	*ērīm
2nd plural	*arjēþ	*ērīd
3rd plural	*arjēn	*ērīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*ari
Plural	*arid
	Present	Past
Participle	*arjandī	*aran

Descendants

• Old English: erian
  • Middle English: eren, eeren, ere, erie, erye, eyr, herie, herye, heryȝen, ærien, erien (Early Middle English)
    • English: ear (archaic)
    • Scots: ear
• Old Frisian: era, ara
• Old Saxon: erian
• Old Dutch: *erien, *erren
  • Middle Dutch: ēren, ērien, erren
• Old High German: erien, erren
  • Middle High German: ern