Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/lōkōn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Unknown. According to an older hypothesis, perhaps related to Breton lagad (“eye, look”), Welsh llygad (“eye”), Cornish lagas (“eye”), for a Proto-Indo-European root *lewg- (“to look; eye”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) However, this Celtic set is more commonly derived from *lewk- (“to shine”),^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] which could not have produced the Germanic term. Instead, modern authors compare Doric Greek λωγάω (lōgáō, “to pick up; to tell”) and Proto-Tocharian *läk- (“to see”), from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather”) with a semantic shift paralleled also in Latin legō.^[5]^[6]

Verb

*lōkōn

to look, see

Inflection

Class 2 weak
Infinitive	*lōkōn
1st sg. past	*lōkōdā
Infinitive	*lōkōn
Genitive infin.	*lōkōnijas
Dative infin.	*lōkōnijē
Instrum. infin.	*lōkōniju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*lōkō	*lōkōdā
2nd singular	*lōkōs	lōkōdēs, lōkōdōs
3rd singular	*lōkōþ	lōkōdē, lōkōdā
1st plural	*lōkōm	*lōkōdum
2nd plural	*lōkōþ	*lōkōdud
3rd plural	*lōkōnþ	*lōkōdun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*lōkō	*lōkōdī
2nd singular	*lōkōs	*lōkōdī
3rd singular	*lōkō	*lōkōdī
1st plural	*lōkōm	*lōkōdīm
2nd plural	*lōkōþ	*lōkōdīd
3rd plural	*lōkōn	*lōkōdīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*lōkō
Plural	*lōkōþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*lōkōndī	*lōkōd

Related terms

*lōgēn

Descendants

Old English: lōcian
- Middle English: loken, lokan, locen, locan, lokken, locken, luken, lukken (chiefly N & NM), lokien, lokiæn, lokin, locian (S & K & SM, chiefly early)
  - English: look (see there for further descendants)
  - Geordie English: luik, leuk
  - Scots: luik, leuk, luke
  - Yola: looke
Old Frisian: *lōkia
- ⇒ Saterland Frisian: blouked (“seen”) (< Saterland Frisian *bilouked)
- West Frisian: lôkje, loaitsje
Old Saxon: lōkon, lōcōn, luokoian
- Middle Low German: *lö̂ken
  - Low German: löken
Old Dutch: *lōkon
- Middle Dutch: loeken
  - Dutch: loeken
  - → Old French: luquier, luquer
    - Middle French: luquier
      - Norman: luquer, louquer
      - ⇒ French: reluquer
    - ⇒ Old French: torlouc
      - Middle French: tourlouc
    - ⇒ Anglo-Norman: torleous
    - ⇒ Old French: alukier
    - ⇒ Old French: warloker, warlousquier
      - ⇒ Old French: warloucque
        Middle French: warloucque
      - ⇒ Old French: warlousketer
  - → Walloon: louki
  - → Occitan: lucaire
    - ⇒ Occitan: alucaire

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*lowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 245-246
^ Falileyev, Alexander (2000) “licat”, in Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie; 18), Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 103
^ Koch, John (2004) “*lukato-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 112
^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “llygad”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*lōkōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 249
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “läk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 596–597: “In West Germanic we have Old English lōcian, Old Saxon lōcōn ‘look,’ in origin an iterative-intensive of this root (PIE *lōĝehₐye/o-), exactly matched morphologically by (Doric) Greek lōgáō (in turn semantically equivalent of légō).”

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*lowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 245-246

[2] Falileyev, Alexander (2000) “licat”, in Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie; 18), Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 103

[3] Koch, John (2004) “*lukato-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 112

[4] R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “llygad”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[5] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*lōkōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 249

[6] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “läk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 596–597: “In West Germanic we have Old English lōcian, Old Saxon lōcōn ‘look,’ in origin an iterative-intensive of this root (PIE *lōĝehₐye/o-), exactly matched morphologically by (Doric) Greek lōgáō (in turn semantically equivalent of légō).”

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