User:Marcas.oduinn/Published/Verbs/180330

Person and number

• First, second, third; singular, plural.
• Autonomous

Voices, moods and tenses

Conjugated forms:

• Active
  • Indicative
    • Present
    • Present habitual
    • Past
    • Past habitual
    • Future
  • Conditional
  • Subjunctive
    • Present
    • Past
  • Imperative

Periphrastic constructs based on bí and/or verbal nouns and adjectives:

• Indicative perfect
• Passive
  • The autonomous form can also be translated as passive.

Independent and dependent forms

Independent and dependent forms derive from the related ideas of absolute and conjunct forms (for simple verbs), and prototonic and deuteronic forms (for complex verbs), in Old Irish. The forms are identical for all regular verbs in Modern Irish, and are clearly seen only in some of the tense forms of some of the irregulars.

Conjugations

• First
  • Monosyllabic
    • Various endings (template class 1a)
    • Suffix -igh, e.g., nigh, léigh, dóigh (template class 1c)
      • short or no vowel: slender f, slender t, i -> í (except before t), e.g. nífeá, niteá
      • é: slender f, slender t, e.g. léifeá, léiteá
      • other long vowel: broad f, slender t, e.g. dhófá, dhóiteá
  • Polysyllabic (template class 1b)
    • in ‑áil: broad f, slender t, e.g., sábhálfá, samháilteá
    • Certain other polysyllabic (with broadening or syncopation)
• Second (template class 2)
  • Polysyllabic, except those noted to be in the first conjugation, especially with endings:
    • ‑igh, ‑im, ‑ing
    • ‑il, ‑in, ‑ir, ‑is with syncopation.
• Irregular
  • There are only eleven irregular verbs in Irish

Nouns and adjectives

Verbal Nouns

There is a plethora of verbal noun forms in Irish. There are some patterns, but many exceptions. The suffixes are listed below in alphabetical order (although the long-vowel endings are grouped together). Suffixless forms are discussed at the end of the list.

• á, -é, -í, -ó, -ú
  • first conjugation -igh
    • short or no vowel: nigh, ní
    • long vowel: leáigh, leá; pléigh, plé; dóigh, dó; súigh, sú
  • second conjugation
    • igh + adh > ú: críochnaigh, críochnú
    • achain, achainí
    • éirigh, éirí
    • fiafraigh, fiafraí

• -ach
  • ceannaigh, ceannach

• -acht
  • fan, fanacht
  • imigh, imeacht

• -achtáil
  • mair, maireachtáil

• -adh
  • bris, briseadh
  • with broadening: buail, bualadh

• -aidh
  • iarr, iarraidh

• -áil
  • tóg, tógáil
  • feic, feiceáil
  • many late borrowings: péint, péinteáil

• -ain
  • arg, argain

• -aíocht
  • tóraigh, tóraíocht

• -amh
  • léigh, léamh
  • déan, déanamh

• -an
  • lig, ligean

• -ch
  • glaoigh, glaoch

• -chan
  • beoigh, beochan

• -e
  • fair, faire
  • ith, ithe

• -im
  • tit, titim

• -int
  • inis, insint
  • tuig, tuiscint

• -t
  • verbs in -il, -in, -ir: imir, imirt

• -úint
  • lean, leanúint

• suffixless
  • fás; ól; rith
  • verbs in -áil: sábháil

• suffixless with broadening
  • cuir, cur
  • siúil, siúl
  • ceangail, ceangal

Verbal adjectives

The verbal adjective root is slender or broad, derived from the radical. The basic suffix is ‑tə, which may or may not be lenited/aspirated, and the final ə is broad (a) or slender (e) in agreement with the adjective's root. Therefore, the possible set of altered suffixes is ‑ta, ‑tha, ‑te, ‑the. The formation rules are well defined and are applied regularly with very few exceptions.

• 2nd conjugation -im, -in, -ir (but not -il): root is broadened
• 2nd conjugation -is: root is syncopated
• verbs in -igh: drop the gh, exposing the vowel i
• dntls, th, vowels: suffix is not lenited
  • for -th, -thte > te,
• verbs in -bh, -mh: bhth, mhth > f

Examples following these rules

• foghlaim, foghlamtha
• oscail, oscailte
• inis, inste
• glan, glanta
• nigh, nite
• ith, ite
• scríobh, scríofa

Declension of verbal nouns

The declension of verbal nouns depends on context. When used for example as substantive, they are declined with the appropriate noun declension. The gender of the verbal noun tends to follow that of the declension, but there are exceptions.

• first declension: ól m, óil
• second declension: titim f, titime
• third declension: foghlaim f, foghlama
• fourth declension: ithe m, ithe

When verbal nouns are in infinitive context, they are declined using the verbal adjective.

• ól, ólta
• titim, tite
• foghlaim, foghlamtha
• ithe, ite

However, certain verbal nouns are always declined using the verbal adjective, irrespective of context.

• socrú, socraithe, socruithe

Copula

The copula is exists in only three tenses:

• indicative present (and future)
• indicative past (and conditional)
• subjunctive present

It is not declined.

Defective verbs

There is only a handful of defective verbs in Irish, notably:

• ar
• dar
• dóbair
• feadair

The copula is (see above) is also regarded as a defective verb.

External links

• Regular Verbs on Nualeargais