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is

See also: Appendix:Variations of "is"

Contents

EnglishEdit

 
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Etymology 1Edit

From Middle English is, from Old English is, from Proto-Germanic *isti (a form of Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“is”). Cognate with West Frisian is (“is”), Dutch is (“is”), German ist (“is”), Old Swedish is (“is”). The paradigm of "to be" has been since the time of Proto-Germanic a synthesis of four originally distinct verb stems. The infinitive form "to be" is from *bʰuH- (“to become”). The forms is and am are derived from *h₁es- (“to be”) whereas the form are comes from *iraną (“to rise, be quick, become active”). Lastly, the past forms starting with "w-" such as was and were are from *h₂wes- (“to dwell; reside”).

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

is

  1. Third-person singular simple present indicative form of be
    He is a doctor. He retired some time ago.
    Should he do the task, it is vital that you follow him.
Alternative formsEdit

Derived termsEdit

QuotationsEdit

SynonymsEdit

TranslationsEdit

See alsoEdit

See also

Etymology 2Edit

i +‎ -s.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

is

  1. plural of i
    remember to dot your is
Usage notesEdit
  • There is some difference of opinion regarding the use of apostrophes in the pluralization of references to letters as symbols. New Fowler's Modern English Usage, after noting that the usage has changed, states on page 602 that "after letters an apostrophe is obligatory." The 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style states in paragraph 7.16, "To avoid confusion, lowercase letters ... form the plural with an apostrophe and an s". The Oxford Style Manual on page 116 advocates the use of common sense.

AnagramsEdit

AfrikaansEdit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

is

  1. am, are, is (present tense, all persons, plural and singular of wees, to be)
  2. Forms the perfect passive voice when followed by a past participle

BagusaEdit

NounEdit

is

  1. woman

ReferencesEdit

CatalanEdit

NounEdit

is

  1. plural of i

CimbrianEdit

PronounEdit

is

  1. (Sette Comuni) Alternative form of es (“it”)

ReferencesEdit

“is” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

DanishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

is c (singular definite isen, plural indefinite is)

  1. (uncountable) ice (water in frozen form)
  2. (uncountable) ice, ice cream (dessert, not necessarily containing cream)
  3. (countable) ice, ice cream (ice dessert on a stick or in a wafer cone)

InflectionEdit

Declension of is
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative is isen is isene
genitive is' isens is' isenes

DutchEdit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

is

  1. third-person singular present indicative of zijn; is, equals
    Twaalf min drie is negen — twelve minus three equals nine

AdverbEdit

is

  1. (informal, dialectal) Misspelling of 's.

AnagramsEdit

GothicEdit

RomanizationEdit

is

  1. Romanization of 𐌹𐍃

HungarianEdit

EtymologyEdit

Doublet of és (“and”).

PronunciationEdit

AdverbEdit

is (not comparable)

  1. also, too, as well
    Én is szeretem a csokit.
    I also like chocolate. (Besides other people)
    A csokit is szeretem.
    I also like chocolate. (Besides other things)
  2. even
    Három óráig is tarthat a műtét
    The operation may even take three hours.
  3. (after an interrogative word) again (used in a question to ask something one has forgotten)
    Hogy is hívják? ― What's that called, again?

SynonymsEdit

Derived termsEdit

(Compound words):

(Expressions):

IrishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From agus.

PronunciationEdit

ConjunctionEdit

is

  1. reduced form of agus (“and; as”)
    Dia is Muire duit.
    Hello to you, too. (lit. God and Virgin Mary to you.)
    • 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. II, p. 1:
      wil nə fatī xō mŭȧ, s dūŕc šē?
      conventional orthography: An bhfuil na fataí chomh maith is dúirt sé?
      Are the potatoes as good as he said?
    • 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. II, p. 1:
      ə ʒēĺǵə, l̄aurīr ə gūǵə mūn, ńī h-ønn̥̄ ī s ə ʒēlgə š agń̥ə
      conventional orthography: An Ghaeilge a labhraíthear i gCúige Mumhan, ní hionann í is an Ghaeilge seo againne.
      The Irish used in Munster isn’t the same as our Irish.

Etymology 2Edit

From Old Irish is (“is”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”).

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /ɪsˠ/, /sˠ/ (before nouns and adjectives)
  • IPA(key): /ʃ/ (before the pronouns é, í, ea, iad)

ParticleEdit

is

  1. Present/future realis copula form
    Is múinteoir é Dónall. ― Dónall is a teacher.
    (definition: predicate is indefinite)
    Is é Dónall an múinteoir. ― Dónall is the teacher.
    (identification: predicate is definite)
    Is féidir liom snámh. ― I can swim.
    (idiomatic noun predicate)
    Is maith liom tae. ― I like tea.
    (idiomatic adjective predicate)
    Is mise a chonaic é. ― I'm the one who saw him.
    (compare Hiberno-English "'Tis I who saw him"; cleft sentence)
    Is é Dónall atá ina mhúinteoir. ― It's Dónall who is a teacher.
    (cleft sentence)
  2. Used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives
    an buachaill is mó ― the bigger boy; the biggest boy
    Is mó an buachaill ná Séamas.
    The boy is bigger than James.
    Is é Séamas an buachaill is mó in Éirinn!
    James is the biggest boy in Ireland! (lit. "It is James (who is) the boy (who) is biggest in Ireland")
Usage notesEdit
  • Used in the present and future for identification or definition of a subject as the person/object identified in the predicate of the sentence. Sometimes used with noun or adjective predicates, especially in certain fixed idiomatic phrases. Used to introduce cleft sentences, which are extremely common in Irish. It is not a verb.
  • The copula does not exist in the imperative and does not have a nominal form analogous to the verbal noun. The phrase bí i do (literally “be in your”) is used as the imperative instead (e.g. Bí i d’fhear! – “Be a man!” (lit. “Be in your man!”)), and equivalent non-copular nominal constructions must be used in place of their hypothetical copular equivalents: bheith ábalta (“to be able”, in place of the non-existent nominal form of is féidir), bheith ag iarraidh (“to want”, in place of the non-existent nominal form of is mian), bheith ina (“to be”, as with the imperative), etc.
  • In comparative/superlative formations, is is strictly speaking the relative of the copula, hence an buachaill is mó literally means "the boy who is biggest", i.e. "the biggest boy". The thing compared is introduced by ná (“than”).
Related termsEdit
Irish copular forms
Simple copular forms
Present/future
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg. inter.
Main clauses is ní an nach
Direct relative clauses nach
Indirect relative clauses ar, arbv
Other subordinate clauses gur, gurbv an nach
Past/conditional
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg. inter.
Main clauses ba, b’v níor, níorbhv ar, arbhv nár, nárbhv
Direct relative clauses ba, abv nár, nárbhv
Indirect relative clauses ar, arbhv
Other subordinate clauses gur, gurbhv ar, arbhv nár, nárbhv
Present subjunctive
Affirmative Negative
gura, gurabv nára, nárabv
     Compound copular forms
Base word Present/future Past/conditional
má más má ba, má b’v
ó (“since”) ós ó ba, ó b’v
dá dá mba, dá mb’v
mura mura, murabv murar, murarbhv
cé cér, cérbv cér, cérbhv
cá cár, cárbv cár, cárbhv
de/do dar, darbv dar, darbhv
faoi faoinar, faoinarbv faoinar, faoinarbhv
i inar, inarbv inar, inarbhv
le lenar, lenarbv lenar, lenarbhv
ó (“from”) ónar, ónarbv ónar, ónarbhv
trí trínar, trínarbv trínar, trínarbhv
v Used before vowel sounds

KwerbaEdit

NounEdit

is

  1. woman

ReferencesEdit

LatinEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Italic *is, from Proto-Indo-European *éy.

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

is

  1. (Third-person singular pronoun) he, it (referring to masculine nouns); (demonstrative) this, that
    Is mihi rescripsit.
    He wrote back to me.
    Is amicus est vir bonus.
    This friend is a good man.

DeclensionEdit

Irregular: similar to first and second declensions, except for genitive singular ending in -ius and dative singular ending in -ī.

Number Singular Plural
Case / Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative is ea id eī, iī eae ea
Genitive eius, ejus eius, ejus eius, ejus eōrum eārum eōrum
Dative eī eī eī eīs, iīs eīs, iīs eīs, iīs
Accusative eum eam id eōs eās ea
Ablative eō eā eō eīs, iīs eīs, iīs eīs, iīs

Related termsEdit

See alsoEdit

Latin personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Possessive
Singular First — ego meī mihi mē meus, -a, -um
Second — tū tuī tibi tē tuus, -a, -um
Reflexive third — — suī sibi sē, sēsē suus, -a, -um
Third Masculine is eius eī eum eō eius
Feminine ea eam eā
Neuter id id eō
Plural First — nōs nostrī, nostrum nōbīs nōs nōbīs noster, -tra,
-trum
Second — vōs vestrī, vestrum vōbīs vōs vōbīs vester, -tra,
-trum
Reflexive third — — suī sibi sē, sēsē suus, -a, -um
Third Masculine eī, iī eōrum eīs eōs eīs eōrum
Feminine eae eārum eās eārum
Neuter ea eōrum ea eōrum

Etymology 2Edit

Inflected form of eō (“go”).

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

īs

  1. second-person singular present active indicative of eo

ReferencesEdit

  • is in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
    • to sum up..: ut eorum, quae dixi, summam faciam
    • (ambiguous) those to whom we owe our being: ei, propter quos hanc lucem aspeximus
    • (ambiguous) from youth up: a puero (is), a parvo (is), a parvulo (is)
    • (ambiguous) he feels better: melius ei factum est
    • (ambiguous) Fortune's favourite: is, quem fortuna complexa est
    • (ambiguous) to sully one's fair fame: vitae splendori(em) maculas(is) aspergere
    • (ambiguous) no word escaped him: nullum verbum ex ore eius excidit (or simply ei)
    • (ambiguous) he is in a suspicious mood: suspicio ei penitus inhaeret
    • (ambiguous) the debtor: debitor, or is qui debet
    • (ambiguous) the creditor: creditor, or is cui debeo
  • is in The Perseus Project (1999) Perseus Encyclopedia‎[2]
  • is in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • is in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly

Middle DutchEdit

Middle EnglishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

DeterminerEdit

is

  1. Alternative form of his

PronounEdit

is

  1. Alternative form of his

ReferencesEdit

Etymology 2Edit

PronounEdit

is

  1. Alternative form of heo

ReferencesEdit

Etymology 3Edit

From Old English īs, from Proto-Germanic *īsą; from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyHsom, derivative of *h₁eyH-.

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

is (uncountable)

  2. ice (frozen water):
    1. A layer of frozen water as a surface.
    2. (rare) A individual portion of ice.
  3. (rare, figuratively) That which is short-lived like ice.
  4. (rare) icy conditions
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit

Etymology 4Edit

From Old English is, third-person present singular of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *isti, third-person present singular of *wesaną (“to be, become”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

is

  2. Third-person singular present indicative form of been
DescendantsEdit

NavajoEdit

InterjectionEdit

is

  1. as if, as if it were true, it could be, is it really?, what do you mean by that?, so you say expressing surprise

Usage notesEdit

Usually spelled with the final letter repeated: iss, isss, issss.

Alternative formsEdit

Norwegian BokmålEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-.

NounEdit

is m (definite singular isen, indefinite plural is or iser, definite plural isene)

  1. (uncountable) ice
  2. (countable) ice cream

SynonymsEdit

Derived termsEdit

Terms derived from is

ReferencesEdit

Norwegian NynorskEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-. Akin to English ice.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

is m (definite singular isen, indefinite plural isar, definite plural isane)

  1. ice
  2. ice cream

SynonymsEdit

Derived termsEdit

Terms derived from is

ReferencesEdit

NyishiEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Tani *si, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *si.

NounEdit

is

  1. water

ReferencesEdit

  • P. T. Abraham (2005) A Grammar of Nyishi Language‎[3], Delhi: Farsight Publishers and Distributors

Old EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-, *ey-, *ī- (“ice, frost”). Cognate with Old Frisian īs (West Frisian iis), Old Saxon īs (Low German Ies), Dutch ijs, Old High German īs (German Eis), Old Norse íss (Danish and Swedish is), Gothic 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis). There are parallels in many Iranian languages, apparently from the same Indo-European root: Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬑𐬀‎ (aēxa-, “frost, ice”), Persian یخ‎ (yakh), Pashto جح‎ (jaḥ), Ossetian их (ix).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

īs n

  1. ice
    Hit is swā ċeald þæt wæter sōna tō īse ġefrīest.
    It's so cold that water immediately freezes to ice.
    • the Legend of St Andrew
      Ofer ēastrēamas īs bryċġode.
      The ice formed a bridge over the streams.
  2. The runic character ᛁ (/i/ or /i:/)

DeclensionEdit

Declension of is (strong a-stem)
Case Singular Plural
nominative īs īs
accusative īs īs
genitive īses īsa
dative īse īsum

Derived termsEdit

DescendantsEdit

Old High GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-. Compare Old Saxon īs, Old English īs, Old Norse íss, Gothic 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis).

NounEdit

īs

  1. ice

DescendantsEdit

  • Middle High German: īs
    • Alemannic German: Iis, Is, Isch
      Alsatian: Iis (in the whole Alemannic Alsace, whereas it is "Eis" in Northernmost Alsace, influenced by Südfränkrich),
      Walser: isch, éisch
    • Bavarian: ais
      Cimbrian: àis, ais
      Mòcheno: ais
    • Central Franconian: Eis, Ies
    • German: Eis
    • Luxembourgish: Äis
    • Rhine Franconian:
      Pennsylvania German: Eis
    • Vilamovian: ajs
    • Yiddish: אײַז‎ (ayz)

Old IrishEdit

EtymologyEdit

The lemma is itself is from Proto-Celtic *esti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti; other forms are from either *h₁es- or *bʰuH-.

VerbEdit

is

  1. to be
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 14d26
      Is i persin Crist da·gníu-sa sin.
      It is in the person of Christ that I do that.

Usage notesEdit

This is the so-called "copula", which is distinct from the "substantive verb" at·tá. The copula is used with noun predicates and to introduce a cleft sentence.

ConjugationEdit

See {{sga-conj-is}} for the complete conjugation.

SynonymsEdit

Derived termsEdit

  • cesu (“although... is”)
  • condid (“so that... is”)
  • in (“is... ?”)
  • masu (“if... is”)
  • ní (“is not”)

DescendantsEdit

  • Irish: is
  • Manx: s’
  • Scottish Gaelic: is

Further readingEdit


Old SaxonEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Germanic *it.

PronounEdit

is (is)

  1. his, its
DeclensionEdit
Old Saxon personal pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular 1. 2. 3. m 3. f 3. n
Nominative ik thū hē siu it
Accusative mī, me, mik thī, thik ina sia
Dative mī thī imu iru it
Genitive mīn thīn is ira is
Dual 1. 2. - - -
Nominative wit git - - -
Accusative unk ink - - -
Dative
Genitive unkero - - -
Plural 1. 2. 3. m 3. f 3. n
Nominative wī, we gī, ge sia sia siu
Accusative ūs, unsik eu, iu, iuu
Dative ūs im
Genitive ūser euwar, iuwer, iuwar, iuwero, iuwera iro

Etymology 2Edit

VerbEdit

is

  1. third-person singular present indicative of wesan

Etymology 3Edit

From Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH- (“ice, frost”). Cognate with Old Frisian īs (West Frisian iis), Old English īs (English ice), Dutch ijs, Old High German īs (German Eis), Old Norse íss (Danish and Swedish is), Gothic 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis).

NounEdit

īs n

  1. ice
  2. The runic character ᛁ (/i/ or /i:/)
DeclensionEdit
Declension of īs (neuter a-stem)
singular plural
nominative īs īs
accusative īs īs
genitive īses īsō
dative īse īsun
instrumental — —


DescendantsEdit
  • Middle Low German: îs
    • Low German:
      • German Low German: Ies

PortugueseEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

is

  1. plural of i
    • 2003, J. K. Rowling, Lya Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix, Rocco, page 411:
      Se você pôs os pingos nos is e cortou os tês então pode fazer o que quiser!
      If you've dotted your I's and crossed your T's, then you can do whatever you want!

ScotsEdit

AdverbEdit

is (not comparable)

  1. (South Scots) as

SynonymsEdit

ConjunctionEdit

is

  1. (South Scots) as

SynonymsEdit

PronounEdit

is (personal, non-emphatic)

  1. (South Scots) me

See alsoEdit

  • A
  • mei (emphatic variant)

VerbEdit

is

  1. third-person singular simple present indicative form of be

See alsoEdit

Scottish GaelicEdit

Alternative formsEdit

ConjunctionEdit

is

  1. and

SynonymsEdit

VerbEdit

is

  1. am, are, is

Usage notesEdit

  • This defective verb doesn't have the infinitive, future tense, subjunctive or conditional moods.
  • The dependent form, used after particles, is e.
  • Is is used when linking the subject of a sentence with an object ("somebody is somebody", "somebody is something", "something is something"), otherwise forms of the verb bi are used:
    Is mise Dòmhnall. ― I am Donald.
    Tha mise ann an taigh-seinnse. ― I am in a pub.

Derived termsEdit

SwedishEdit

Tok PisinEdit

EtymologyEdit

From English East.

NounEdit

is

  1. East

TurkishEdit

NounEdit

is (definite accusative isi, plural isler)

  1. soot
  2. fume (solid deposit)
  3. kohl

DeclensionEdit

Inflection
Nominative is
Definite accusative isi
Singular Plural
Nominative is isler
Definite accusative isi isleri
Dative ise islere
Locative iste islerde
Ablative isten islerden
Genitive isin islerin
Possessive forms
Singular Plural
1st singular isim islerim
2nd singular isin islerin
3rd singular isi isleri
1st plural isimiz islerimiz
2nd plural isiniz isleriniz
3rd plural isleri isleri

VolapükEdit

AdverbEdit

is

  1. here
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