endurcir

French

Etymology

From en- +‎ dur +‎ -ir, based on Latin indūrēscere, dūrēscere.

Pronunciation

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Verb

endurcir

1. (transitive) to harden (make harder)
2. (transitive) to harden, inure

   Synonym: aguerrir

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of endurcir (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	simple	endurcir
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1	simple	endurcissant /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɑ̃/
	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		endurci /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	endurcis /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/	endurcis /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/	endurcit /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/	endurcissons /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɔ̃/	endurcissez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.se/	endurcissent /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/
	imperfect	endurcissais /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɛ/	endurcissais /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɛ/	endurcissait /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɛ/	endurcissions /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sjɔ̃/	endurcissiez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sje/	endurcissaient /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɛ/
	past historic2	endurcis /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/	endurcis /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/	endurcit /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/	endurcîmes /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sim/	endurcîtes /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sit/	endurcirent /ɑ̃.dyʁ.siʁ/
	future	endurcirai /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁe/	endurciras /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁa/	endurcira /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁa/	endurcirons /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɔ̃/	endurcirez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁe/	endurciront /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	endurcirais /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɛ/	endurcirais /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɛ/	endurcirait /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɛ/	endurcirions /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁjɔ̃/	endurciriez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁje/	endurciraient /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior2	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	endurcisse /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/	endurcisses /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/	endurcisse /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/	endurcissions /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sjɔ̃/	endurcissiez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sje/	endurcissent /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/
	imperfect2	endurcisse /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/	endurcisses /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/	endurcît /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/	endurcissions /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sjɔ̃/	endurcissiez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sje/	endurcissent /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect2	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	endurcis /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/	—	endurcissons /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɔ̃/	endurcissez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.se/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Related terms

• durcir

Further reading

• “endurcir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.