giwian

Old English

The spelling of this entry has been normalized according to the principles established by Wiktionary's editor community or recent spelling standards of the language.

Alternative forms

ġiwiġa, ġiuiġa, ġiowiġia, ġiuġe

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *giwēn, cognate with Old High German anagiwēn (“to desire, long for”).

Alternatively, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *giwō (“boasting; audacity”), related to Old Norse gjó (“enjoyment; sensuality; lust”), Middle High German giude (“loud revelry; boasting”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈji.wi.ɑn/

Verb

ġiwian (Northumbrian)

to ask (for something), request [with fram (+ dative) ‘from someone’]
(gloss) petō, postulō
- late 10th c., Owun, Rushworth Gospel gloss, Luke 11:9
  & heono iċ cweðo īow, ġiowiġas & sald bið īow.
  And behold, I say to you, ask and it shall be given to you.
to demand
(gloss) exigō

Conjugation

Conjugation of ġiwian (weak class 2 Anglian)

🛈 This feature is under development and may not always produce the expected forms

indicative mood	present tense	past tense
infinitive	ġiwian¹	ġiwienne, ġiwianne
first person singular	ġiwiu, ġiwiġe	ġiwade
second person singular	ġiwas³	ġiwades³
third person singular	ġiwaþ²	ġiwade
plural	ġiwiaþ²	ġiwadun, ġiwadon
subjunctive	present tense	past tense
singular	ġiwiġe	ġiwade
plural	ġiwiġen	ġiwaden¹¹
imperative
singular	ġiwa
plural	ġiwiaþ²
participle	present	past
	ġiwiende	(ġe)ġiwad

¹In Northumbrian, final -n was regularly lost from these forms
²In Late Northumbrian, final -þ was frequently changed to -s
³In Mercian, final -t was sometimes added to these forms due to West Saxon influence

Alternative forms suggesting former Weak class III conjugation are ġiuġe (inf.), ġivġað (pl. pres. ind.), and ġiude (1st./3rd. pret. ind.). Forms with the stem ġiow- are typically from the Rushworth Gospel gloss, while those with ġiw-/ġiu-/ġiv- are from the Lindisfarne Gospel gloss and Durham Ritual gloss.

Derived terms

References

Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “giwian”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎^[1], 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette diPaolo Healey, editors (2018), “giwian”, in Dictionary of Old English: A to I ⁠‎^[2], Toronto: University of Toronto, →OCLC.
Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 187, 205, 368
Hogg, Richard, Fulk, Robert D. (2011), A Grammar of Old English, Volume II: Morphology, →ISBN, page 296