iuxta

Latin

Etymology

Unclear. Proposals include:

• for Proto-Italic *jougestād f (abl.sg.), from the adjective *jougestos (“yoked”), from *jougos (“team of yoke animals”) (whence Latin iūgera pl), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)yewg-es-, from *yewg- (“join together”);
• for Proto-Italic *jugistos (“closest”), equivalent to *yug- +‎ *-istHos (“superlative suffix”). However, this suffix is otherwise not found in Latin, and *yug- is not an adjectival base (cf. Latin iugum (“yoke”)).

Alternative forms

• iuxsta, iusta
• juxta, juxstā, justa

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈjuːk.staː/, [ˈjuːk.s̠t̪aː] or IPA^(key): /ˈjuk.staː/, [ˈjʊk.s̠t̪aː]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈjuk.sta/, [ˈjuk.st̪a]
• Note: the length of the /u/ is uncertain due to lack of graphic attestations, unclear etymology and common conflation with iūstus (“just; exact”) already in Latin as well as its Romance descendants. Most other dictionaries list it as short.

Adverb

iū̆xtā (not comparable)

1. nearly
2. near, close to
3. just as

Preposition

iū̆xtā (+ accusative)

1. near, close to, next to
2. adjoining
3. like
4. (Late Latin, Medieval Latin) according to

Descendants

• Catalan: ajustar, justar
• → English: joust (“to joust”), juxtapose (“to appose”)
• Italian: giusta, giostrare
• Old French: joste (“close to, along”), joster (“to joust”), ajoster (“to add”)
  • French: jouter (“to joust”), ajouter (“to add”); (literary, latinizing) jouxter (“to be close to”), jouxte (“close”)
  • Norman: joster (“to play”), jostoux (“happy”), ajoûter (“to add”)
• Occitan: jostar
• Portuguese: justar
• Spanish: justar (“to joust”), (nautical) ayustar (“to splice (rope))”), → yuxtaponer (“to juxtapose”)

Further reading

• juxtā in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• iuxta in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• iuxta in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• juxtā in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• iuxta in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
• "iūxtā" in Karl Ernst Georges, Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch
• Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges Founded on Comparative Grammar, Ginn & Company, 1903, page 130.
• Dirk Panhuis, Roland Hoffmann (translator), Lateinische Grammatik, Walter de Gruyter, 2015, pages 84 and 86.
• "iūxtā" in PONS, Deutsch-Latein-Wörterbuch (German-Latin dictionary)