Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yewg-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly an extension of *yew- (as in Sanskrit यु (yu, “to unite”)).^[1]^[2]

Root

*yewg- (perfective)^[3]^[4]^[5]

to join, to yoke, to tie together

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *yewg- (39 c, 0 e)

*yéwg-t ~ *yug-ént (athematic root aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अयोक् (áyok)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬔𐬆𐬝 (yaogət̰, 3.sg.aor.act.inj.)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἔζευξα (ézeuxa) (reshaped to s-aorist, with the present ζεύγνυμι (zeúgnumi) formed with the same full-grade root^[4])
*yu-né-g-ti ~ *yu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)
*yówg-yo-s
- Proto-Germanic: *jaukiją (“draft animal”)
  - Old Norse: eykr
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgyas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáwgyas
    - Sanskrit: योग्य (yógya)
*yéwg-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ζεῦγμα (zeûgma)
*yówg-o-s^[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgas (see there for further descendants)
*yéwg-os ~ *yéwg-es-os
*yug-ó-m (“yoke”)
*n̥-yúg-s (“unjoined”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἄζυξ (ázux)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ayúgas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ayúgas
    - Sanskrit: अयुग (ayúga)
*yug-tó-s
*yéwg-tro-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwktram (see there for further descendants)
*yewg-tér-^[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: योक्तृ (yoktṛ́)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ζευκτήρ (zeuktḗr)
Unsorted formations:
- Sanskrit:
  - Sanskrit: युग्म (yugma)
  - Sanskrit: युज् (yúj)
  - Sanskrit: युज्य (yújya)
  - Sanskrit: युग्य (yugya)
- Celtic: *kom-yungis < zero grade present stem *yung-
  - Old Irish: cuing
    - Irish: cuing
    - Manx: quing
    - Scottish Gaelic: cuing

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*i̯eu-, *i̯eu̯ə, *i̯eu-g-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 508
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yoj”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iungō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 314
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 316
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 397-404

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*i̯eu-, *i̯eu̯ə, *i̯eu-g-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 508

[2] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yoj”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iungō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 314

[LIV-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 316

[NIL-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 397-404

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