jihad

English

Alternative forms

• jehad

Etymology

From Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”).

Pronunciation

• enPR: jĭ-hăd', jĭ-häd, jə-häd', jē'-häd, jē'-hăd, IPA^(key): /d͡ʒɪˈhæd/, /d͡ʒɪˈhɑːd/, /d͡ʒəˈhɑːd/, /ˈd͡ʒiːhæd/, /ˈd͡ʒiːhɑːd/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -æd, -ɑːd, -iːhæd, -iːhɑːd

Noun

jihad (countable and uncountable, plural jihads)

Wikiquote

1. (Islam) A holy war undertaken by Muslims.
   • 1938 August 22, “Holy War”, in Time:

     Young Iraqis of both sects obeyed the imams' ruling last week by rushing to conscription offices in hot, dirty, dusty Bagdad to offer themselves or their money for the jihad.

   • 1977, Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace, New York: Review Books, published 2006, page 26:

     Small groups of killers, the scent of blood in their nostrils, now fanned out by taxi, bicycle or even on horseback into the surrounding countryside, spreading the word that a general jihad, or ‘holy war’, had broken out.

   • 2013 May 8, Mona Mahmood, Ian Black, The Guardian:

     The Jabhat al-Nusra media, with songs about jihad and martyrdom, is extremely influential.

2. (Islam, theology) A personal spiritual struggle for self-improvement and/or against evil.
   • 2023 May 3, “Update on Terrorism-Related Case Under Internal Security Act”, in Internal Security Department (Singapore)‎^[1]:

     As a result, Amirull has renounced his radical beliefs in armed jihad and the use of violence. He now sees jihad as caring for his parents, improving himself, and contributing to society.

3. (by extension) An aggressive campaign for an idea.
   • 1984, 41:18 from the start, in Dune‎^[2] (Science Fiction), spoken by Reverend Mother Ramallo, →OCLC:

     And now, the prophecy. One will come, the voice from the outer world, bringing the holy war, the jihad, which will cleanse the universe and bring us out of darkness.

Derived terms

• Butlerian jihad
• counterjihad
• cyberjihad
• jihadi
• jihadic
• jihadisation
• jihadise
• jihadism
• jihadist
• jihadistic
• jihadization
• jihadize
• jihobbyist
• Love Jihad

Related terms

• mujahid

Translations

holy war undertaken by Muslims

• Albanian: xhihat m
• Arabic: جِهَاد (ar) m (jihād)
• Armenian: ջիհադ (hy) (ǰihad)
• Azerbaijani: cihad
• Bashkir: йыһат (yıhat)
• Basque: jihad
• Belarusian: джыха́д m (džyxád)
• Bengali: জিহাদ (bn) (jihad)
• Bulgarian: джиха́д m (džihád)
• Catalan: jihad m
• Chechen: гӏазот (ğazot)
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 聖戰 / 圣战 (sing³ zin³, literally “holy war”)

  Mandarin: 聖戰 / 圣战 (zh) (shèngzhàn, literally “holy war”), 吉哈德 (jíhādé)

• Crimean Tatar: cihat, cihad
• Czech: džihád (cs) m
• Danish: jihad c
• Dutch: jihad (nl) m
• Esperanto: ĝihado
• Estonian: džihaad
• Finnish: jihad (fi), pyhä sota (fi)
• French: jihad (fr), djihad (fr) m
• Georgian: ჯიჰადი (ǯihadi)
• German: Dschihad (de) m, Djihad (de) m, (rare) Jihad (de) m
• Greek: τζιχάντ (el) f or n (tzichánt)
• Gujarati: જિહાદ m (jihād)
• Hausa: jihadi
• Hebrew: גִּ׳יהַאד m (jihad)
• Hindi: जिहाद m (jihād), जिहाद् (hi) m (jihād)
• Hungarian: dzsihád (hu)
• Icelandic: jihad
• Indonesian: jihad (id)
• Interlingua: jihad
• Irish: jiohád m
• Italian: jihad (it) f
• Japanese: ジハード (ja) (jihādo)
• Kazakh: жиһад (jihad), джихад (cihad)
• Korean: 지하드 (jihadeu)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: cîhad (ku) f

• Kyrgyz: жикат (jikat)
• Latvian: džihāds m
• Lithuanian: džihadas m
• Macedonian: џихад m (džihad)
• Malay: jihad
• Marathi: जिहाद m (jihād)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: jihad m

• Pashto: جهاد (ps) m (jihād)
• Persian:

  Dari: جِهَاد (jihād)

  Iranian Persian: جِهاد (jehâd)

• Polish: dżihad (pl) m
• Portuguese: jihad (pt) f
• Punjabi: ਜਿਹਾਦ (jihād)
• Romanian: jihad n
• Russian: джиха́д (ru) m (džixád)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: ђѝха̄д m, џѝха̄д m

  Roman: đìhād m, džìhād (sh) m

• Sinhalese: ජිහාඩ් (jihāḍ)
• Slovak: džihád m
• Slovene: džihad m
• Spanish: yihad (es) m
• Swahili: jihadi
• Swedish: jihad (sv) c
• Tagalog: jihad
• Tajik: ҷиҳод (jihod)
• Tatar: җиһад (cihad)
• Thai: ญิฮาด (yí-hâat)
• Turkish: cihat (tr)
• Turkmen: jihad
• Ukrainian: джиха́д m (džyxád)
• Urdu: جِہاد (ur) m (jihād)
• Uyghur: جىھاد (ug) (jihad)
• Uzbek: jihod (uz)

aggressive campaign

• Finnish: ristiretki (fi), pyhä sota (fi)
• Hindi: जिहाद m (jihād), जिहाद् (hi) m (jihād)
• Turkish: mücadele (tr), savaşım (tr)

personal spiritual struggle

• Finnish: kilvoittelu (fi)
• Hindi: जिहाद m (jihād), जिहाद् (hi) m (jihād)
• Polish: dżihad (pl) m
• Swedish: jihad (sv) c
• Turkish: mücadele (tr), savaşım (tr)

Verb

jihad (third-person singular simple present jihads, present participle jihading, simple past and past participle jihaded)

1. To participate in a jihad.

See also

• crusade
• holy war
• infidel

Anagrams

• Djahi, hadji

Danish

Etymology

From Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”).

Noun

jihad c (uncountable)

1. jihad

Related terms

• jihadisme
• jihadist
• jihadistisk

References

• “jihad” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

jihad m (plural jihads, diminutive jihadje n)

1. alternative form of djihaad

Derived terms

• jihadstrijder

Related terms

• jihadi
• jihadist

Finnish

Alternative forms

• džihad

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic جِهَاد (jihād).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdʒihɑd/, [ˈdʒiɦɑ̝d]
• IPA^(key): /ˈjihɑd/, [ˈjiɦɑ̝d]
• IPA^(key): /ˈtsihɑd/, [ˈts̠iɦɑ̝d]
• Rhymes: -ihɑd
• Syllabification^(key): ji‧had
• Hyphenation^(key): ji‧had

Noun

jihad

1. jihad (Muslims' holy war)

Declension

Inflection of jihad (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)
nominative		jihad	jihadit
genitive		jihadin	jihadien
partitive		jihadia	jihadeja
illative		jihadiin	jihadeihin
		singular	plural
nominative		jihad	jihadit
accusative	nom.	jihad	jihadit
	gen.	jihadin
genitive		jihadin	jihadien
partitive		jihadia	jihadeja
inessive		jihadissa	jihadeissa
elative		jihadista	jihadeista
illative		jihadiin	jihadeihin
adessive		jihadilla	jihadeilla
ablative		jihadilta	jihadeilta
allative		jihadille	jihadeille
essive		jihadina	jihadeina
translative		jihadiksi	jihadeiksi
abessive		jihaditta	jihadeitta
instructive		—	jihadein
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of jihad (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative jihadini jihadini accusative nom. jihadini jihadini gen. jihadini genitive jihadini jihadieni partitive jihadiani jihadejani inessive jihadissani jihadeissani elative jihadistani jihadeistani illative jihadiini jihadeihini adessive jihadillani jihadeillani ablative jihadiltani jihadeiltani allative jihadilleni jihadeilleni essive jihadinani jihadeinani translative jihadikseni jihadeikseni abessive jihadittani jihadeittani instructive — — comitative — jihadeineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative jihadisi jihadisi accusative nom. jihadisi jihadisi gen. jihadisi genitive jihadisi jihadiesi partitive jihadiasi jihadejasi inessive jihadissasi jihadeissasi elative jihadistasi jihadeistasi illative jihadiisi jihadeihisi adessive jihadillasi jihadeillasi ablative jihadiltasi jihadeiltasi allative jihadillesi jihadeillesi essive jihadinasi jihadeinasi translative jihadiksesi jihadeiksesi abessive jihadittasi jihadeittasi instructive — — comitative — jihadeinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative jihadimme jihadimme accusative nom. jihadimme jihadimme gen. jihadimme genitive jihadimme jihadiemme partitive jihadiamme jihadejamme inessive jihadissamme jihadeissamme elative jihadistamme jihadeistamme illative jihadiimme jihadeihimme adessive jihadillamme jihadeillamme ablative jihadiltamme jihadeiltamme allative jihadillemme jihadeillemme essive jihadinamme jihadeinamme translative jihadiksemme jihadeiksemme abessive jihadittamme jihadeittamme instructive — — comitative — jihadeinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative jihadinne jihadinne accusative nom. jihadinne jihadinne gen. jihadinne genitive jihadinne jihadienne partitive jihadianne jihadejanne inessive jihadissanne jihadeissanne elative jihadistanne jihadeistanne illative jihadiinne jihadeihinne adessive jihadillanne jihadeillanne ablative jihadiltanne jihadeiltanne allative jihadillenne jihadeillenne essive jihadinanne jihadeinanne translative jihadiksenne jihadeiksenne abessive jihadittanne jihadeittanne instructive — — comitative — jihadeinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative jihadinsa jihadinsa accusative nom. jihadinsa jihadinsa gen. jihadinsa genitive jihadinsa jihadiensa partitive jihadiaan jihadiansa jihadejaan jihadejansa inessive jihadissaan jihadissansa jihadeissaan jihadeissansa elative jihadistaan jihadistansa jihadeistaan jihadeistansa illative jihadiinsa jihadeihinsa adessive jihadillaan jihadillansa jihadeillaan jihadeillansa ablative jihadiltaan jihadiltansa jihadeiltaan jihadeiltansa allative jihadilleen jihadillensa jihadeilleen jihadeillensa essive jihadinaan jihadinansa jihadeinaan jihadeinansa translative jihadikseen jihadiksensa jihadeikseen jihadeiksensa abessive jihadittaan jihadittansa jihadeittaan jihadeittansa instructive — — comitative — jihadeineen jihadeinensa

Derived terms

• jihadismi
• jihadisti

Further reading

• “jihad”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʒi.ad/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

jihad m (plural jihads)

1. alternative form of djihad

Italian

Noun

jihad m or f (invariable)

1. jihad

Portuguese

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ʒiˈʁad͡ʒ/ [ʒiˈhad͡ʒ], /ʒiˈʁa.d͡ʒi/ [ʒiˈha.d͡ʒi]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ʒiˈʁad͡ʒ/ [ʒiˈhad͡ʒ], /ʒiˈʁa.d͡ʒi/ [ʒiˈha.d͡ʒi]
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ʒiˈʁad͡ʒ/ [ʒiˈχad͡ʒ], /ʒiˈʁa.d͡ʒi/ [ʒiˈχa.d͡ʒi]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ʒiˈʁad͡ʒ/ [ʒiˈhad͡ʒ]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʒjad/ [ˈʒjað]

Noun

jihad f (plural jihads)

1. (Islam) jihad (holy war undertaken by Muslims)

Derived terms

• jihadismo
• jihadista

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French djihad.

Noun

jihad n (plural jihaduri)

1. jihad

Declension

Declension of jihad

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	jihad	jihadul		jihaduri	jihadurile
genitive-dative	jihad	jihadului		jihaduri	jihadurilor
vocative	jihadule			jihadurilor

Swedish

Etymology

From Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”)

Noun

jihad c or n

1. jihad

Usage notes

Almost always as "jihaden" (common gender) in the definite, though "ett jihad" is fairly common.

Declension

Declension of jihad

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	jihad	jihads
	definite	jihaden	jihadens
plural	indefinite	jihader	jihaders
	definite	jihaderna	jihadernas

Related terms

• jihadism
• jihadist
• jihadistisk

References

• jihad in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• jihad in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

Tagalog

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog)
  • IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒihad/ [ˈd͡ʒiː.hɐd̪̚]
    • IPA^(key): (no palatal assimilation) /ˈdjihad/ [ˈd̪jiː.hɐd̪̚]
    • Rhymes: -ihad
  • IPA^(key): /d͡ʒiˈhad/ [d͡ʒɪˈhad̪̚] (prescriptive from Arabic)
    • IPA^(key): (no palatal assimilation) /djiˈhad/ [d̪jɪˈhad̪̚] (prescriptive from Arabic)
    • Rhymes: -ad
• Syllabification: ji‧had

Noun

jihad or jihád (Baybayin spelling ᜇ᜔ᜌᜒᜑᜇ᜔) (Islam)

1. jihad (holy war undertaken by Muslims)

See also

• krusada
• sikap

Further reading

• “jihad”, in KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2024
• “jihad”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018