Egyptian
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Etymology
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s- (causative prefix) + ḫpr (“to come into being, to become”).
Pronunciation
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caus. 3-lit.
- (transitive) to bring about
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 54–56:
- šdt.j ḏꜣ sḫpr.n.j ḫt jr.n.j z(b)j-n-sḏt n nṯrw
- I took a fire-stick, I made a fire, and I made a burnt offering to the gods.
Inflection
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Conjugation of sḫpr (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: sḫpr
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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sḫpr
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sḫprw, sḫpr
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sḫprt
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sḫpr
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sḫpr
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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sḫpr
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ḥr sḫpr
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m sḫpr
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r sḫpr
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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sḫpr.n
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sḫprw, sḫpr
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consecutive
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sḫpr.jn
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| terminative
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sḫprt
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| perfective3
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sḫpr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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obligative1
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sḫpr.ḫr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| imperfective
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sḫpr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| prospective3
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sḫprw, sḫpr, sḫpry
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sḫprw, sḫpr, sḫpry
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potentialis1
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sḫpr.kꜣ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| subjunctive
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sḫpr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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passive
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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sḫpr.n
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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—
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—
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| perfective
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sḫpr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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sḫpr
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sḫpr, sḫprw5, sḫpry5
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| imperfective
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sḫpr, sḫpry, sḫprw5
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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sḫpr, sḫprj6, sḫpry6
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sḫpr, sḫprw5
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| prospective
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sḫpr, sḫprtj7
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—
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sḫprwtj1 4, sḫprtj4, sḫprt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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References
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- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 174.
