咎

Translingual edit

Han character edit

咎 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹人口 (HOR) or 竹卜口 (HYR), four-corner 2860₄, composition ⿱处口(G) or ⿱⿺夂人口(TJK))

Derived characters edit

倃𠴰㹾綹(绺) 䛮鯦㰶䓘晷鼛麔

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 185, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3493
Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 607, character 6
Unihan data for U+548E

Chinese edit

trad.		咎
simp. ^#		咎

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 咎
Shang		Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (咎) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
咎	kɯːw, ɡɯwʔ
鼛	*kɯːw
櫜	*kɯːw
倃	kɯːw, ɡɯwʔ
綹	*ɡ·rɯwʔ
麔	*ɡɯwʔ
晷	*kʷrɯwʔ
厬	*kʷrɯwʔ

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 夊 (“foot”) + 人 (“person”). Later 口 was added, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 各 + 人.

Etymology 1 edit

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiù (jiu⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gau³
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiǔ / kiū

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiù
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiòu
  - Wade–Giles: chiu⁴
  - Yale: jyòu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiow
  - Palladius: цзю (czju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gau³
  - Yale: gau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gau³
  - Guangdong Romanization: geo³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐu̯³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiǔ
  - Tâi-lô: kiǔ
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiū
  - Tâi-lô: kiū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiu
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiu³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiu²²/

Middle Chinese: gjuwX

Rime
Character	咎
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	其九切
Baxter	gjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guw^X/
Li Rong	/ɡiu^X/
Wang Li	/ɡĭəu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯ə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)uʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯwʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	咎
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiù
Middle Chinese	‹ gjuw^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ](r)uʔ/
English	fault, blame (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咎
Reading #	2/2
No.	6988
Phonetic component	咎
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	舅
Old Chinese	/*ɡɯwʔ/

Definitions edit

咎

Compounds edit

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gāo (gao¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gāo
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gao
  - Wade–Giles: kao¹
  - Yale: gāu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gau
  - Palladius: гао (gao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: kaw

Rime
Character	咎
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古勞切
Baxter	kaw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑu/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑu/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaw/
Li Rong	/kɑu/
Wang Li	/kɑu/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑu/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gou¹