Wiktionary

九

See also: 玖, 丸, and 力
九 U+4E5D, 九
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5D
← 乜
[U+4E5C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乞 →
[U+4E5E]
㈨ U+3228, ㈨
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH NINE
← ㈧
[U+3227] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈩ →
[U+3229]
㊈ U+3288, ㊈
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NINE
← ㊇
[U+3287] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊉ →
[U+3289]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character edit

See images of 九
(radical 5 + 1)

九 (Kangxi radical 5, 乙+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大弓 (KN), four-corner 40017, composition ⿻㇓㇈)

Derived characters edit

Descendants edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 83, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 167
  • Dae Jaweon: page 168, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 48, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E5D

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 九
alternative forms 玖 financial
𠔀
𢌬
𣲄
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 九 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 九 (Cantonese)
  • 九 (Classical)
  • 9 (Eastern Min)
  • 9 (Southern Min)
 
The number nine in Chinese number gestures

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 九
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
Oracle bone script
 

j29822

 

j29823

 

j29824

 

j29825

 

j29826

 

j29827

 

j29828

 

j29829

 

j29830

 

j29831

 

j29832

 

j29833

 

j29834

 

j29835

 

j29836

 

j29837

 

j29838

 

j29839

 

j29840

 

j29841

 

j29842

 

j29843

 

j29844

 

j29845

 

j29846

 

j29847

 

j29848

 

j29849

 

j29850

 

j29851

Bronze inscriptions
 

b19923

 

b19924

 

b19925

 

b19926

 

b19927

 

b19928

 

b19929

 

b19930

 

b19931

 

b19932

 

b19933

 

b19934

 

b19935

 

b19936

 

b19937

 

b19938

 

b19939

 

b19940

 

b19941

 

b19942

 

b19943

 

b19944

 

b19945

 

b19946

 

b19947

 

b19948

 

b19949

 

b19950

 

b19951

 

b19952

 

b19953

 

b19954

 

b19955

 

b19956

 

b19957

Small seal script
 

s10923

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L35389

 

L35390

 

L35391

 

L35392

 

L35393

 

L18222

 

L18223

 

L18224

 

L18225

 

L18226

 

L18227

 

L18228

 

L18229

 

L18230

 

L18231

 

L18232

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
尻 *kʰuː
訄 *kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu
艽 *krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
虓 *qʰruː
鳩 *ku
勼 *ku
九 *kuʔ
究 *kus
仇 *ɡu
鼽 *ɡu
犰 *ɡu
叴 *ɡu
厹 *ɡu
頄 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
朹 *ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ
馗 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
扏 *ɡu
訅 *ɡu
釚 *ɡu
肍 *ɡu
軌 *kʷrɯwʔ
宄 *kʷrɯwʔ
氿 *kʷrɯwʔ
匭 *kʷrɯwʔ
泦 *kuɡ
旭 *qʰʷoɡ

Pictogram (象形) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble 手 (shǒu), 寸 (cùn). The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written 肘 (OC *tkuʔ).

After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten, 九 was taken to symbolize a fist tightening to bump up against something; thus, there is a metaphorical bumping up of nine against ten, which is the last number when counting on one's fingers.

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw. Compare Tibetan དགུ (dgu).

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • gāu - vernacular;
  • giū - literary.
Note:
  • káu - vernacular;
  • kiú - literary.
Note:
  • gao2 - vernacular;
  • giu2 - literary.
Rime
Character 九
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 舉有切
Baxter kjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kiuX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kuwX/
Li
Rong 		/kiuX/
Wang
Li 		/kĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ki̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gau2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 九
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjuwX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]uʔ/
English nine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 九
Reading # 1/1
No. 6941
Phonetic
component 		九
Rime
group 		幽
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		久
Old
Chinese 		/*kuʔ/

Definitions edit

九

  1. nine
  2. (figurative) many
  3. (weather) each of the nine nine-day periods from the winter solstice
    • 一九二九不出手，三九四九冰上走。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      From: “The Nine Nine-Day Periods Song”, a folk song
      Yī jiǔ èr jiǔ bù chū shǒu, sān jiǔ sì jiǔ bīng shàng zǒu. [Pinyin]
      In the first and the second nine-day period, one should not take out one's hand; / In the third and the fourth nine-day period, the ice is thick enough to stand.
  4. (Cantonese, minced oath, euphemistic) Synonym of 㞗 (gau1, “penis”)
See also edit
  • 勾 (gōu) (in radio communications)
Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 106 108 1012
Normal
(小寫／小写) 		〇, 零, 空 一, 蜀 二, 兩／两 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万,
十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) 		百萬／百万,
桶(Philippines),
面桶 (Philippines) 		億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫／大写) 		零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (九):
  • → Japanese: 九(く) (ku); 九(きゅう) (kyū)
  • → Korean: 구(九) (gu)
  • → Vietnamese: cửu (九)

Others:

Etymology 2 edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 九 – see 鳩 (“to gather; to assemble”).
(This character is an obsolete form of 鳩).

Japanese edit

Japanese cardinal numbers
 <  8 9 10  > 
    Cardinal : 九

Kanji edit

九

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. nine

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Compounds

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
九
きゅう
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Borrowed after palatalization occurred in Middle Chinese. Compare modern Hakka 九 (giu3).

Pronunciation edit

Numeral edit

九(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きう (kiu)?

  1. nine

Noun edit

九(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きう (kiu)?

  1. nine
  2. 究: an indeterminate large number, a myriad, a great many
  3. (divination) the number of yang, in opposition to 六 (roku, “six”) as the number of yin

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
九
く
Grade: 1
goon
Alternative spelling
玖

From Early Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation edit

Numeral edit

九(く) • (ku) 

  1. nine
  2. ninth
Usage notes edit
  • Sometimes considered unlucky due to being homophonous with 苦 (ku, “suffering”).

Noun edit

九(く) • (ku) 

  1. nine
  2. the ninth

Coordinate terms edit

Japanese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Regular 零(れい) (rei)
零(ゼロ) (zero) 		一(いち) (ichi) 二(に) (ni) 三(さん) (san) 四(よん) (yon)
四(し) (shi) 		五(ご) (go) 六(ろく) (roku) 七(なな) (nana)
七(しち) (shichi) 		八(はち) (hachi) 九(きゅう) (kyū)
九(く) (ku) 		十(じゅう) (jū)
Formal 壱(いち) (ichi) 弐(に) (ni) 参(さん) (san) 拾(じゅう) (jū)
90 100 300 600 800 1,000 3,000 8,000 10,000 100,000,000
Regular 九(きゅう)十(じゅう) (kyūjū) 百(ひゃく) (hyaku)
一(いっ)百(ぴゃく) (ippyaku) 		三(さん)百(びゃく) (sanbyaku) 六(ろっ)百(ぴゃく) (roppyaku) 八(はっ)百(ぴゃく) (happyaku) 千(せん) (sen)
一(いっ)千(せん) (issen) 		三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen) 八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen) 一(いち)万(まん) (ichiman) 一(いち)億(おく) (ichioku)
Formal 一(いち)萬(まん) (ichiman)
1012 8×1012 1013 1016 6×1016 8×1016 1017 1018
一(いっ)兆(ちょう) (itchō) 八(はっ)兆(ちょう) (hatchō) 十(じゅっ)兆(ちょう) (jutchō) 一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
九
ここの
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese from Proto-Japonic *kəkənə.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[2]

Pronunciation edit

Numeral edit

九(ここの) • (kokono) 

  1. nine

Etymology 4 edit

Kanji in this term
九
この
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

/kokono/ → /kono/

Abbreviation of Old Japanese 九 (kokono, “nine”).

Pronunciation edit

Numeral edit

九(この) • (kono) 

  1. nine
    ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
    hī, fū, mī,…nana, yā, kono, tō
    one, two, three, ... seven, eight, nine, ten
Usage notes edit
  • Generally only used when counting out loud, as in the example above. In writing, usually found spelled out in hiragana as この to make the reading unambiguous.

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ “九”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000

Further reading edit

Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

Korean numbers (edit)
90
 ←  8 9 10  → 
    Native isol.: 아홉 (ahop)
    Native attr.: 아홉 (ahop)
    Sino-Korean: 구 (gu)
    Hanja: 九
    Ordinal: 아홉째 (ahopjjae)

From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX).

Historical readings

Pronunciation edit

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

九 (eumhun 아홉 구 (ahop gu))

  1. Hanja form? of 구 (“nine”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

Etymology 2 edit

Related to Middle Chinese 糾 (MC kjiwX).

Hanja edit

九 (eumhun 모을 규 (mo'eul gyu))

  1. (archaic) Hanja form? of 규 (“to gather; to collect”).

Compounds edit

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

九: Hán Việt readings: cửu[1][2]
九: Nôm readings: cửu[1][3][4]

  1. chữ Hán form of cửu (“nine”).

Derived terms edit

Derived terms

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ^ Trần (2004).
  3. ^ Bonet (1899).
  4. ^ Génibrel (1898).

Zhuang edit

Noun edit

九

  1. Sawndip form of gyaeuj (“head; headhair”)
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