黎民

Chinese

		surname; black; Lebanon (abbrev.)	the people; nationality; citizen
trad. (黎民)		黎	民
simp. #(黎民)		黎	民

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): límín

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lai⁴ man⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: límín
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: límín
    • Wade–Giles: li²-min²
    • Yale: lí-mín
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: limin
    • Palladius: лиминь (liminʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li³⁵ min³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: lai⁴ man⁴
    • Yale: làih màhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lai⁴ man⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: lei⁴ men⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɐi̯²¹ mɐn²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: lej mjin

Rime
Character	黎	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	郎奚切	彌鄰切
Baxter	lej	mjin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lei/	/miɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/lei/	/min/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛi/	/mjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛj/	/min/
Li Rong	/lei/	/miĕn/
Wang Li	/liei/	/mĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/liei/	/mi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lí	mín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lai4	man4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤij|[r]ˤij  mi[ŋ]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*riːl  min/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	黎	黎	民
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lí	lí	mín
Middle Chinese	‹ lej ›	‹ lej ›	‹ mjin ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁij/ (Cf. 耆 0552l ɡij < *[ɡ]rij ‘old’)	/*[r]ˁij/	/*mi[ŋ]/
English	old	black	people
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	黎	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	7880	9130
Phonetic component	利	民
Rime group	脂	眞
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	黎	民
Old Chinese	/*riːl/	/*min/

Noun

黎民

1. (literary) the common people; commoners; the masses

   • 太康尸位，以逸豫滅厥德，黎民咸貳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     太康尸位，以逸豫灭厥德，黎民咸贰。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Forged Old Text of the Book of Documents, circa 3^rd – 4^th century CE

     Tàikāng shīwèi, yǐ yìyù miè juédé, límín xián èr. [Pinyin]

     Tai Kang who held his position without doing anything lived happily and comfortably instead of being moral. All commoners were disloyal.

Synonyms

• 一般人 (yībānrén)
• 世人 (shìrén)
• 世間人／世间人 (Hokkien)
• 人士 (rénshì) (literary)
• 人民 (rénmín)
• 人群 (rénqún)
• 人萌 (rénméng) (literary)
• 俗人 (súrén)
• 俗子 (súzǐ) (literary)
• 𫣆人 (Hakka)
• 兆民 (zhàomín) (archaic)
• 公眾／公众 (gōngzhòng)
• 凡人 (fánrén)
• 凡夫 (fánfū) (literary)
• 匹夫 (pǐfū) (literary)
• 四眾人／四众人 (Teochew)
• 士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
• 大眾／大众 (dàzhòng)
• 子民 (zǐmín) (historical)
• 家人 (jiārén) (archaic)
• 布衣 (bùyī) (historical)
• 常人 (chángrén)
• 平人 (píngrén) (literary)
• 平常人 (píngchángrén)
• 平民 (píngmín)
• 庶人 (shùrén) (literary)
• 庶民 (shùmín) (literary)
• 斯人 (sīrén) (Classical Chinese)
• 普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
• 民人 (mínrén) (literary)
• 民眾／民众 (mínzhòng)
• 烝民 (zhēngmín) (literary)
• 白衣 (báiyī) (historical)
• 白衣人 (báiyīrén) (historical)
• 白身 (báishēn) (archaic)
• 白身人 (báishēnrén) (archaic)
• 百姓
• 眾人／众人 (zhòngrén) (literary)
• 萬姓／万姓 (wànxìng) (archaic)
• 群眾／群众 (qúnzhòng)
• 老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
• 良人 (liángrén) (literary)
• 草民 (cǎomín) (the worthless ordinary people)
• 草菅 (cǎojiān) (Classical Chinese, figurative)
• 草野 (cǎoyě) (literary, figurative)
• 萌 (literary)
• 野人 (yěrén) (archaic)
• 黎庶 (líshù) (literary)
• 黎首 (líshǒu) (archaic)
• 黔首 (qiánshǒu) (archaic)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (黎民):

• → Japanese: 黎民(れいみん) (reimin)
• → Korean: 여민(黎民) (yeomin)
• → Vietnamese: lê dân (黎民)

→ Vietnamese: dân đen (calque)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
黎	民
れい Jinmeiyō	みん Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɾe̞ːmʲĩɴ]

Noun

黎(れい)民(みん) • (reimin) 

1. the common people, commoners, the masses

Korean

Hanja in this term
黎	民

Noun

黎民 • (yeomin) (hangeul 여민)

1. Hanja form^? of 여민 (“the common people, commoners, the masses”).

Noun

黎民 • (ryeomin) (hangeul 려민)

1. Hanja form^? of 려민 (“the common people, commoners, the masses (North Korean)”).