kopik
Hungarian edit
Etymology edit
Probably an onomatopoeia + -ik. Its stem may be the same as of the verb koppan (“to thud”). [1]
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
kopik
- (intransitive, of an object) to become threadbare, to get thin from wear
- Kopik a gyerekek cipője, újat kell vennem. ― The kids' shoes are wearing out, I need to buy some new ones.
- (intransitive, of the human body) to wear out (to deteriorate over time due to continued use, exposure, or strain)
Usage notes edit
This verb is called a pseudo-ik verb, as its -ik ending presents itself only in the 3rd-person singular (indicative present) form, but it is not an -ik verb in any other aspect. As a result, it cannot take the -om/-em/-öm ending in the 1st-person singular (indicative present) form, even in the most erudite style, only -ok/-ek/-ök. Naturally, the optional -m ending cannot appear, either, in their subjunctive or conditional 1st-person singular forms, so only -jak/-jek and -nék is possible in these respective forms. These verbs include the following: bomlik, (el)bújik, (meg)érik, (le)folyik, (össze)gyűlik, hazudik, (le)hull(ik), (bele)/(oda)illik, (meg)jelenik, (el)kopik, (el)múlik, ömlik, (meg)születik, (meg)szűnik, (meg)telik, tojik, (el)törik, (el)/(fel)tűnik, (el)válik, and (el)züllik. (Ki)nyílik partially belongs here, as it cannot take the first-person -om ending but it can take the third-person -jék.
Conjugation edit
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | kopok | kopsz | kopik | kopunk | koptok | kopnak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | koptam | koptál | kopott | koptunk | koptatok | koptak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. kopni fog. | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | kopék or kopám |
kopál | kopa or kopék |
kopánk | kopátok | kopának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. kopik vala, kopott vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | kopandok (or kopandom) |
kopandasz (or kopandol) |
kopand (or kopandik*) |
kopandunk | kopandotok | kopandanak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | kopnék (or kopnám) |
kopnál | kopna (or kopnék*) |
kopnánk | kopnátok | kopnának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. kopott volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | kopjak | kopj or kopjál |
kopjon or kopjék |
kopjunk | kopjatok | kopjanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. kopott légyen | ||||||||
| Infinitive | kopni | kopnom | kopnod | kopnia | kopnunk | kopnotok | kopniuk | ||
| Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
| kopás | kopó | kopott | ― | kopva (kopván) | koptat | ||||
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | kophatok | kophatsz (or kophatol) |
kophat (or kophatik) |
kophatunk | kophattok | kophatnak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | kophattam | kophattál | kophatott | kophattunk | kophattatok | kophattak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | kophaték or kophatám |
kophatál | kophata or kophaték |
kophatánk | kophatátok | kophatának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. kophat vala, kophatott vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | kophatandok or kopandhatok (or kophatandom or kopandhatom) |
kophatandasz or kopandhatsz (or kophatandol or kopandhatol) |
kophatand or kopandhat (or kophatandik or kopandhatik*) |
kophatandunk or kopandhatunk |
kophatandotok or kopandhattok |
kophatandanak or kopandhatnak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | kophatnék (or kophatnám) |
kophatnál | kophatna (or kophatnék*) |
kophatnánk | kophatnátok | kophatnának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. kophatott volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | kophassak (or kophassam) |
kophass or kophassál |
kophasson (or kophassék) |
kophassunk | kophassatok | kophassanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. kophatott légyen | ||||||||
| Inf. | (kophatni) | (kophatnom) | (kophatnod) | (kophatnia) | (kophatnunk) | (kophatnotok) | (kophatniuk) | ||
| Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (kophatva / kophatván) | ||||
Derived terms edit
(With verbal prefixes):
References edit
- ^ Eőry, Vilma. Értelmező szótár+ (’Explanatory Dictionary Plus’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2007. →ISBN
Further reading edit
- kopik in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN