kraj
Czech edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Czech kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kraj m inan
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
Lower Sorbian edit
Etymology edit
Probably borrowed from Upper Sorbian kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь. Doublet of kšaj, which was inherited.
Noun edit
kraj m inan
Declension edit
Further reading edit
- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “kraj”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999) “kraj”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
- Lower Sorbian vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Old Czech edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kraj m inan
- edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- (chiefly in the plural) borderland
- landscape, area, territory, country
Declension edit
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | kraj | krajě | kraji, krajové |
genitive | krajě | krajú | krajóv |
dative | kraju | krajoma | krajóm |
accusative | kraj | krajě | krajě |
vocative | kraju | krajě | kraji, krajové |
locative | kraji, kraju | krajú | krajích |
instrumental | krajem | krajoma | kraji |
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.
Descendants edit
- Czech: kraj
References edit
- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “kraj”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
Old Polish edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kraj m ?
- border (edge of a territory)
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Latin-Polish-German Florian Psalter][2], Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 2, 8:
- Dam cy... w trzimane twoie craie zemske (terminos terrae)
- [Dam ci... w trzymanie twoje kraje ziemskie (terminos terrae)]
- 1930 [Fifteenth century], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)[3], section 13,11:
- Wiswolyl sobye Loth kray (regionem) podle Yordana
- [Wyzwolił sobie Lot kraj (regionem) podle Jordana]
- edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Latin-Polish-German Florian Psalter][4], Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 132, 3:
- Yasz stanpa w kray odzena gego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)
- [Jaż zstąpa w kraj odzienia jego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)]
- 1880 [Fifteenth century], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume V, page 266:
- Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego krayv szwyatha, ubi sol oritur
- [Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego kraju świata, ubi sol oritur]
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
References edit
- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “kraj”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kraj”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “kraj”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “kraj”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish edit
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): /kraj/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈkrɒj/
Audio 1 (file) Audio 2 (file) - Rhymes: -aj
- Syllabification: kraj
Etymology 1 edit
Inherited from Old Polish kraj.
Noun edit
kraj m inan
- country (territory of a nation)
- (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
- (chiefly dated or archaic) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- Synonym: skraj
Declension edit
Related terms edit
Trivia edit
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), kraj is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 107 times in scientific texts, 193 times in news, 205 times in essays, 37 times in fiction, and 19 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 561 times, making it the 83rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
Etymology 2 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb edit
kraj
References edit
Further reading edit
- kraj in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- kraj in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “kraj”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “KRAJ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2010 September 6
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego[5]
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861[6]
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego[7] (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 522
Serbo-Croatian edit
Etymology 1 edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁(y)-.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
krȃj m (Cyrillic spelling кра̑ј)
Declension edit
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | krȃj | krȁjevi / kràjevi |
genitive | krȁja | krȁjēvā / krajévā / kràjēvā |
dative | krȁju | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
accusative | kraj | krȁjeve / kràjeve |
vocative | krȁju | krȁjevi / kràjevi |
locative | krȁju / kràju | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
instrumental | krȁjem | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
Etymology 2 edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
krȁj (Cyrillic spelling кра̏ј) (+ genitive case)
- near, next to, beside (= pȍred, pȍkraj, dȍ)
- Dođi, s(j)edni kraj mene. ― Come, sit next to me.
- past, by (= pȍred, pȍkraj)
- Metak je proletio točno kraj mene. ― The bullet flew right by me.
- (proscribed) in spite of, despite (= ȕprkos/ȕsprkos, pȍred)
- I kraj svega toga, preživio sam. ― And despite all of it, I survived.
Silesian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Polish kraj.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kraj m inan
- country (territory of a nation)
- edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
- Synonyms: rant, brzyg
- Antonym: postrzodek
Further reading edit
- kraj in silling.org
Slovak edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kraj m inan (genitive singular kraja, nominative plural kraje, genitive plural krajov, declension pattern of stroj)
Declension edit
Further reading edit
- “kraj”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
Slovene edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
krȁj m inan
- place (location, position)
- town, village or place
- Iz katerega kraja si ravnokar prišel? ― What place have you just come from?
- end or beginning
Inflection edit
Masculine inan., soft o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | kràj | ||
gen. sing. | krája | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative (imenovȃlnik) |
kràj | krája | kráji |
genitive (rodȋlnik) |
krája | krájev | krájev |
dative (dajȃlnik) |
kráju | krájema | krájem |
accusative (tožȋlnik) |
kràj | krája | kráje |
locative (mẹ̑stnik) |
kráju | krájih | krájih |
instrumental (orọ̑dnik) |
krájem | krájema | kráji |
Further reading edit
- “kraj”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
Upper Sorbian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Noun edit
kraj m inan
Descendants edit
- → Lower Sorbian: kraj
Further reading edit
- “kraj” in Soblex