lac
English edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Portuguese laca, from Hindi लाख (lākh)/Urdu لاکھ (lākh) or cognates in other Indo-Aryan languages, from Sanskrit लाक्षा (lākṣā).
Noun edit
lac (countable and uncountable, plural lacs)
- A resinous substance or lacquer produced mainly on the banyan tree by the female of Kerria lacca, a scale insect.
Derived terms edit
Translations edit
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Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
lac (plural lacs)
- Dated spelling of lakh.
- 1804, R[obert] Montgomery Martin, quoting Yashwantrao Holkar, “Section II. European Intercourse—Rise and Growth of British Power.”, in The Indian Empire: […], volume I (History, Topography, Population, Government, Finance, Commerce, and Staple Products), London; New York, N.Y.: The London Printing and Publishing Company, published [1858], →OCLC, page 399, column 2:
- […] Lake [i.e., Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake] should not have leisure to breathe for a moment, and calamities would fall on lacs of human beings in continued war by the attacks of his army, which would overwhelm like the waves of the sea.
- 1878 August, “Contemporary Portraits. New Series.—No. 8. Charles Darwin, F.R.S.”, in The University Magazine: A Literary and Philosophic Review, volume II, London: Hurst & Blackett, […], →OCLC, page 154:
- The Laccadives and Maldives, for instance, meaning literally the "lac of islands" and the "thousand islands," are a series of such atolls; […]
Etymology 3 edit
From Cadillac.
Noun edit
lac (plural lacs)
- (slang) Clipping of Cadillac.
- 1992, Big Mello, Bone Hard Zaggin, Rap-A-Lot Records, track 5. "Mac's Drive 'Lac's"
- Macs drive lacs.
- 2005, “Drive Slow”, in Late Registration, performed by Kanye West:
- The candy gloss is immaculate, it's simply amazing / Them elbows poking wide on that candy ’Lac
- 1992, Big Mello, Bone Hard Zaggin, Rap-A-Lot Records, track 5. "Mac's Drive 'Lac's"
Etymology 4 edit
From laceration.
Pronunciation edit
- Rhymes: -æs
Noun edit
lac (countable and uncountable, plural lacs)
- (medicine, colloquial) Laceration.
- hand lac
Anagrams edit
Aromanian edit
Etymology edit
From Latin lacus (“lake”), from Proto-Italic *lakus, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pool”).
Noun edit
lac
Dalmatian edit
Etymology edit
From Latin lacus (“lake”), from Proto-Italic *lakus, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pool”).
Noun edit
lac m
French edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Middle French lac, from Old French lac, a replacement of earlier lai (“pit, trench, ditch, grave, mere, pond”) (see Old French lac). Generally inferred as a borrowing of Latin lacus (“lake”), from Proto-Italic *lakus, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pool”).
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): /lak/
Audio (France, Paris) (file) Audio (Paris) (file) - Rhymes: -ak
- Homophones: lacs, laque, laquent, laques
Noun edit
lac m (plural lacs)
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- “lac”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams edit
K'iche' edit
Noun edit
lac
- (Classical K'iche') plate
Latin edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From lact by simplification of a word-final sequence of two plosives (the variant nominative/accusative form lacte shows the addition of a vowel as an alternative). The etymology is controversial: there is no consensus on the cognate set, the manner of descent (inheritance vs. borrowing), or the form and ultimate orgin of the etymon. Possible cognates include Ancient Greek γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ- (gála, gálakt-/gálak-, “milk”), Old Armenian կաթն (katʻn, “milk”) (or perhaps only its variant form Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ), reconstructed as the ancestor of modern dialectal Armenian կախց (kaxcʻ))[1] Hittite 𒂵𒆷𒀝𒋻 (galaktar, “balm, resin”), Albanian dhallë (“buttermilk”), Romanian zară (“buttermilk”) and Waigali zōr (“milk”).
Pokorny reconstructs the Latin and Greek words as inherited from Proto-Indo-European *glakt n from a root *glag- or *glak-.[2] De Vaan derives the Latin, Greek and Armenian forms from Proto-Indo-European *gl̥gt-, and follows Meiser in explaining the loss of initial *g- in Latin as a result of long-distance dissimilation.[3] Per Nielsen, the Latin and Greek words can be derived from *glakt-, Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ) can be derived from *g(a)l(ḱ)t- (requiring an initial non-palatal velar), and Albanian dhallë can perhaps be derived from *ǵal(K)- (requiring an initial palatal velar); on the basis of the variability in the initial consonant and the unusual root structure, Nielsen considers the root to be non-Indo-European in origin.[1]
There have been attempts to derive the word instead from the root *h₂melǵ- (“milk”).
- Garnier, Sagart and Sagot 2017 cite Garnier 2016's reconstruction of a verb *ambĭ-blactāre (“to milk with both hands”) > *amblactāre, supposing this was subsequently reanalyzed as *amb-lactāre and lost the prefix to yield the attested verb lactāre. The noun lac(t) would then derive by back-formation from the verb lactāre.[4]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lac n sg (genitive lactis); third declension
- milk
- Cum lacte nutricis. ― With the nurse's milk.
- for something sweet, pleasant
- In melle sunt linguae sitae vostrae atque orationes, lacteque; corda felle sunt lita, atque acerbo aceto.
- In honey your tongues and speeches are dipped, and in milk; your hearts are smeared with gall and with bitter vinegar. (Plautus)
- Ut mentes ... satiari velut quodam jucundioris disciplinae lacte patiantur.
- That minds may endure being satisfied as by the milk of a more pleasant discipline. (Quintilian)
- milky juice
- Lac herbae. ― Milk of a plant.
- cum lacte veneni. ― with poisonous milk.
- c. 1st century BCE, Anonymous (formerly misattributed to Ovid), Nux
- Lamina mollis adhuc tenero dum lacte, quod intro est,
nec mala sunt ulli nostra futura bono.- As their nutshell still remains soft with something tenderly milky inside,
my future fruits are not good to anyone.
- As their nutshell still remains soft with something tenderly milky inside,
- (poetic) milk-white color
- 2 CE, Publius Ovidius Naso, Ars Amatoria I.290:
- Forte sub umbrosis nemorosae vallibus Idae
candidus, armenti gloria, taurus erat,
signatus tenui media inter cornua nigro;
una fuit labes, cetera lactis erant.- As fortune had it, in the shadowy valleys of forested Ida,
there was a white bull, the glory of its herd,
marked by slightly black colour between its horns;
the blemish was (only) one, the rest were milk-white.
- As fortune had it, in the shadowy valleys of forested Ida,
- Forte sub umbrosis nemorosae vallibus Idae
Declension edit
Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem), singular only.
Case | Singular |
---|---|
Nominative | lac |
Genitive | lactis |
Dative | lactī |
Accusative | lac |
Ablative | lacte |
Vocative | lac |
Derived terms edit
- ā lacte cūnīsque (“from the cradle, from infancy”)
- lac pressum (“cheese”)
- tam similem, quam lactis (“as like as one egg is to another”)
- qui plus lactis quam sanguinis habet (“of tender age”)
Descendants edit
- Late Latin: lactis (see there for further descendants)
- →⇒ English: lactic, lact(o)-
- → Esperanto: lakto
- Ido: lakto
- → Interlingua: lacte
- → Interlingue: lacte
References edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nielsen, R.T. (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate, pages 163-165,
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “glag-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 400
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “lac”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 320
- ^ Romain Garnier, Laurent Sagart, Benoît Sagot (2017) “13. Milk and the Indo-Europeans”, in Martine Robbeets, Alexander Savelyev, editors, Language Dispersal Beyond Farming, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2.2.2, page 302
Further reading edit
- “lac”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “lac”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- lac in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[3], London: Macmillan and Co.
- (ambiguous) to imbibe error from one's mother's breasts: errorem cum lacte nutricis sugere (Tusc. 3. 1. 2)
- (ambiguous) to imbibe error from one's mother's breasts: errorem cum lacte nutricis sugere (Tusc. 3. 1. 2)
Norman edit
Etymology edit
From Old French lac, from Latin lacus (“lake”), from Proto-Italic *lakus, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pool”).
Noun edit
lac m (plural lacs)
Old English edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-West Germanic *laik, from Proto-Germanic *laikaz, compare *laikaną. Cognates include Old Norse leikr (whence Danish leg (“game”), Swedish leka (“to play”)), Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃 (laiks, “dance”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lāc n or f
- play, sport
- battle, strife
- gift, offering, sacrifice, booty; message
- Hie drihtne lac begen brohton.
- They both brought an offering to the Lord.
Declension edit
- when neuter
- when feminine
Derived terms edit
- heaþolāc (“warfare”)
- wiflāc (“intercourse with a woman”)
- scīnlāc (“illusion, imagination, magical delusion”)
Related terms edit
Descendants edit
Old French edit
Alternative forms edit
- lai (early)
Etymology edit
Generally assumed to be a borrowing of Latin lacus (“basin, tank, tub, reservoir, pond”), displacing the native Old French lai (“pit, grave, trench, mere, pond”), inherited from the same Latin term, by the early 13th century. Latin lacus derives from Proto-Italic *lakus, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pool”),
The displacement of Old French lai may have been assisted by influence from early Middle English lac, lace (“lake, pond, pool", also "pit, ditch, trench”), from Old English lacu (“pool, pond, lake”), due to lac's sudden spread in Old French following the annexation of English controlled Normandy into the kingdom of France in 1204. An outright borrowing of the term from Middle English rather than from the Latin is also not outside the realm of possibility, as the earliest attestations of Old French lac are in the Eadwine Psalter (written by Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman scribes in England) and Erec and Enide (an Arthurian romance, whose author was heavily influenced by English, Anglo-Norman, and Celtic writings).
The Old Occitan lac, laz, latz (“snare, noose", also "pit, hole”), which some theorise as leading to the Old French form (with c), is actually derived from a different Latin root related to Old French laz (“snare, noose, lace”), and possibly conflated with Old High German lacha (“ditch, trench, pool”). See Italian lacca (“hole, pit”).
Noun edit
lac oblique singular, m (oblique plural las, nominative singular las, nominative plural lac)
Descendants edit
Old Irish edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Celtic *laggos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₁g-.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
lac
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
Mutation edit
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
lac also llac after a proclitic |
lac pronounced with /l(ʲ)-/ |
unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading edit
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “lac”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Latin lacus (“lake”), from Proto-Italic *lakus, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pool”). Compare Aragonese laco, Catalan llac, Esperanto lago, French lac, Italian lago, Maltese lag, Portuguese lago, Sardinian lagu, Spanish lago.
Noun edit
lac n (plural lacuri)
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
Romansch edit
Etymology edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lac m
Synonyms edit
Zazaki edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Compare Middle Armenian լաճ (lač).
Pronunciation edit
- (Northern Zazaki) IPA(key): [ˈlɑdz]
- (Southern Zazaki) IPA(key): [ˈlɑdʒ]
- Hyphenation: lac
Noun edit
lac m
- son[2]
- O lacê mıno. ― He is my son.
- Lacê to lacê mı rê vano. ― Your son says to my son.
- boy
- Çı lacê do rındo. ― What a beautiful boy.
References edit
- ^ Todd, Terry Lynn (2008) Brigitte Werner, editor, A Grammar of Dimili (also Known as Zaza)[1], an electronic version of printed second edition (2002), Giessen: Forum Linguistik in Eurasien e.V., page 145b
- ^ Keskin, Mesut (2010) “lac”, in Wörterverzeichnis Zazaki-Deutsch, Deutsch-Zazaki[2] (PDF), page 9a