hun
Translingual edit
Symbol edit
hun
English edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Noun edit
hun (plural huns)
- (informal) Alternative spelling of hon (“affectionate abbreviation of honey”)
- (UK, slang) A woman perceived as basic, brash, working class and fond of alcohol.
- 2023 January 25, Laura Craik, “They’re glamorous, ageless and British – the rise of the high-end hun”, in The Telegraph[1]:
- Answer: you are a hun – but a high-end hun, one who knows her wine, her music, her interiors and her labels, and whose reluctance to do Dry January, or go vegan makes her such great company, this month and every month.
- 2024 March 29, Louis Staples, “Natalie Cassidy: ‘I’m very proud to be a hun’”, in i[2]:
- It’s no wonder she’s become a central figure in “hun culture” – an online subculture that idolises a certain strata of famous working-class British women, while also taking the mick out of her leopard print kettle and weakness for a premixed gin-in-a-tin cocktail.
- (slang) A woman involved in a multi-level marketing scheme, especially one who pushes it on social media.
- 2019 July 10, Jessica Lindsay, “Hunzoning is the trend that sees you going from friend to MLM recruit”, in Metro[3]:
- This corporate love-bombing can serve a hun well, bagging them new downlines and potentially more money (MLMs are renowned for extremely low pay).
- 2024 April 18, Aimee Pearcy, “Why Reddit and TikTok are hating on MLM 'huns'”, in Business Insider[4]:
- Instead of blaming MLM "huns," we should direct our anger at the companies that are knowingly putting so many people in debt and alienating them from their communities.
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Short for Hungarian partridge.
Noun edit
hun (plural huns)
Etymology 3 edit
Noun edit
hun (plural huns)
- Alternative form of hoon (“Indian gold coin”)
Anagrams edit
Alemannic German edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German hunt, from Old High German hunt, from Proto-Germanic *hundaz. Cognate with German Hund, Dutch hond, English hound, Icelandic hundur.
Noun edit
hun m
References edit
- Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien
Breton edit
Noun edit
hun ?
Catalan edit
Etymology edit
Learned borrowing from Late Latin Hunni.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
hun m (plural huns, feminine huna)
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
- “hun” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “hun”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “hun” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
Danish edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse hón (“she”), from Proto-Norse *ᚺᚨᚾᚢ (*hanu), the feminine form, with u-umlaut, of *ᚺᚨᚾᚨᛉ (*hanaʀ) (= Danish han (“he”), Old Norse hann).
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
hun (objective case hende, possessive hendes)
- (personal) she
See also edit
Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | plural | |||||
Singular | First | – | jeg | mig | min | mit | mine |
Second | modern / informal | du | dig | din | dit | dine | |
formal | De | Dem | Deres | ||||
Third | masculine (person) | han | ham | hans | |||
feminine (person) | hun | hende | hendes | ||||
common(noun) | den | dens | |||||
neuter(noun) | det | dets | |||||
reflexive | – | sig | sin | sit | sine | ||
Plural | First | modern | vi | os | vores | ||
archaic / formal | vor | vort | vore | ||||
Second | – | I | jer | jeres | |||
Third | – | de | dem | deres | |||
reflexive | – | sig |
References edit
- “hun,2” in Den Danske Ordbog
Noun edit
hun c (singular definite hunnen, plural indefinite hunner)
Declension edit
References edit
- “hun,1” in Den Danske Ordbog
Dutch edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Originally a mere spelling variant of hen.[1]
Possessive hun started replacing haar from the 15th century, first only for masculine and neuter plural.
Pronoun edit
hun (personal)
- The dative case of the third-person plural personal pronoun: them, to them.
- (proscribed) The accusative case of the third-person plural personal pronoun: them.
Usage notes edit
The difference between hen (as direct object) and hun (as indirect object) does not stem from actual language usage, but was created artificially by the prescriptive grammarian Christiaen van Heule in the 17th century in an attempt to differentiate between the accusative (direct object) and dative case (indirect object), a distinction that was then commonly made in the definite article and certain pronouns, but not the personal pronouns.
In practice, hen and hun have been used interchangeably in Modern Dutch since the language has lost its grammatical case system. Many native speakers are not aware or have trouble remembering when to use one over the other, in part because of the rule's artificiality, in part because the distinction in form between the accusative and dative case has not been preserved anywhere else in the language. As a consequence, it is common to hear sentences where they are used in the exactly opposite way from van Heule's rule; for example:
- Hij heeft hun verraden. (“He has betrayed them.”)
- Ze zijn met hun uitgegaan. (“They have gone out with them.”)
- Ik heb het hen gegeven. (“I have given it to them.”)
When the pronoun is unstressed, the problem can be circumvented by using the reduced form ze:
- Hij heeft ze verraden.
- Ze zijn met ze uitgegaan.
- Ik heb het ze gegeven.
For more information, see the article in the Dutch Wikipedia.
Pronoun edit
hun (personal) (dependent possessive) (independent possessive hunne)
- The third-person plural possessive pronoun: their.
- Ken je hun broer?
- Do you know their brother?
Inflection edit
subject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). |
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. |
Related terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Likely a replacement of or based on dialectal Dutch hullie or a variant thereof, which is a contraction of hunlieden or hunlui, a compound of hun ("them") + lieden or lui (both meaning "men, people"), which then translates roughly into "them-people". Possibly reinfluenced by or confused with the possessive hun. This etymology explains why usage of hun occurs only when referring to people, never to objects. It's similar to dialectal zun often used colloquially in the Belgian province of Antwerp, which is a contraction of ze ("they") + hun ("them"), and which is also only used for people. Also compare Afrikaans hulle, which also stems from hunlui, but is now used also for things. For more information, see the article in the Dutch Wikipedia.
Pronoun edit
hun (personal)
- (proscribed, regiolectal, Netherlands) The nominative case of the third-person plural personal pronoun: they (only referring to people).
Usage notes edit
- The use of hun as a subject is considered incorrect or substandard by most speakers, both in written and spoken language, and only occurs in the Netherlands.
- For a 3rd person plural pronoun referring to people only, zijlui or zijlieden can be used instead.
References edit
- ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “hun”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute: “In het meervoud van het persoonlijk voornaamwoord voor de 3e persoon bestond deze vorm in het Middelnederlands in diverse varianten, waarvan hen en hun de belangrijkste waren. Wrsch. waren dit uitsluitend spellingvarianten van het woord /hən/.”
Hokkien edit
For pronunciation and definitions of hun – see 分 (“to divide; to separate; to distribute; to allocate; to assign; to allot; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 分). |
Hungarian edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Borrowed from Latin Hunni.[1][2]
Adjective edit
hun (not comparable)
Declension edit
Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | hun | hunok |
accusative | hunt | hunokat |
dative | hunnak | hunoknak |
instrumental | hunnal | hunokkal |
causal-final | hunért | hunokért |
translative | hunná | hunokká |
terminative | hunig | hunokig |
essive-formal | hunként | hunokként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | hunban | hunokban |
superessive | hunon | hunokon |
adessive | hunnál | hunoknál |
illative | hunba | hunokba |
sublative | hunra | hunokra |
allative | hunhoz | hunokhoz |
elative | hunból | hunokból |
delative | hunról | hunokról |
ablative | huntól | hunoktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
huné | hunoké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
hunéi | hunokéi |
Noun edit
hun (plural hunok)
- Hun (a member of a nomadic tribe)
Declension edit
Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | hun | hunok |
accusative | hunt | hunokat |
dative | hunnak | hunoknak |
instrumental | hunnal | hunokkal |
causal-final | hunért | hunokért |
translative | hunná | hunokká |
terminative | hunig | hunokig |
essive-formal | hunként | hunokként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | hunban | hunokban |
superessive | hunon | hunokon |
adessive | hunnál | hunoknál |
illative | hunba | hunokba |
sublative | hunra | hunokra |
allative | hunhoz | hunokhoz |
elative | hunból | hunokból |
delative | hunról | hunokról |
ablative | huntól | hunoktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
huné | hunoké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
hunéi | hunokéi |
Possessive forms of hun | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | hunom | hunjaim |
2nd person sing. | hunod | hunjaid |
3rd person sing. | hunja | hunjai |
1st person plural | hununk | hunjaink |
2nd person plural | hunotok | hunjaitok |
3rd person plural | hunjuk | hunjaik |
Etymology 2 edit
From hol.
Adverb edit
hun
Derived terms edit
- sehun (dialectal)
References edit
- ^ hun in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
- ^ hun in Tótfalusi, István. Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár (’Hungarian Comprehensive Dictionary of Etymology’). Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001; Arcanum DVD Könyvtár →ISBN
Further reading edit
- (Hun, Hunnic): hun in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (where [dialectal]): hun in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Iu Mien edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
hun
Label edit
Etymology edit
Compare Tolai vudu and Patpatar hudu.
Noun edit
hun
References edit
Malay edit
Noun edit
hun (plural hun-hun, informal 1st possessive hunku, 2nd possessive hunmu, 3rd possessive hunnya)
Mandarin edit
Romanization edit
- Nonstandard spelling of hūn.
- Nonstandard spelling of hún.
- Nonstandard spelling of hǔn.
- Nonstandard spelling of hùn.
Usage notes edit
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Middle English edit
Noun edit
hun
- Alternative form of hund (“hundred”)
Middle Welsh edit
Pronunciation edit
Numeral edit
hun
- h-prothesized form of un
Mizo edit
Noun edit
hun
North Frisian edit
Etymology edit
From Old Frisian hond. Cognates include Mooring North Frisian hönj and West Frisian hân.
Noun edit
hun f (plural hunen)
- (Föhr-Amrum) (anatomy) hand
- a rocht(er)/lacht(er) hun
- the right/left hand
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Danish hun, from Old Norse hón.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
hun (accusative henne, genitive hennes)
Derived terms edit
See also edit
Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
feminine | masculine | neuter | plural | |||||
Singular | First | – | jeg | meg | mi | min | mitt | mine |
Second | general | du | deg | di | din | ditt | dine | |
formal (rare) | De | Dem | Deres | |||||
Third | feminine (person) | hun | henne | hennes | ||||
masculine (person) | han | ham / han | hans | |||||
feminine (noun) | den | dens | ||||||
masculine (noun) | ||||||||
neuter (noun) | det | dets | ||||||
reflexive | – | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine | ||
Plural | First | – | vi | oss | vår | vårt | våre | |
Second | general | dere | deres | |||||
formal (very rare) | De | Dem | Deres | |||||
Third | general | de | dem | deres | ||||
reflexive | – | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine |
Etymology 2 edit
From Old Norse húnn (“a die”).
Alternative forms edit
Noun edit
hun m (definite singular hunen, indefinite plural huner, definite plural hunene)
- back board
References edit
- “hun” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Old Norse húnn (“bear cub”),[1] from Proto-Germanic *hūnaz.
Noun edit
hun m (definite singular hunen, indefinite plural hunar, definite plural hunane)
Etymology 2 edit
From Old Norse húnn (“die”).[1]
Alternative forms edit
Noun edit
hun m (definite singular hunen, indefinite plural hunar, definite plural hunane)
- back part of a log that might still be used as a plank
Etymology 3 edit
From Old Norse húnar, húnir pl.
Noun edit
hun m (definite singular hunen, indefinite plural hunar, definite plural hunane)
- a Hun (a member of a nomadic tribe from Central Asia)
- Synonym: hunar
References edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “hun” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
- ^ Language Council of Norway, Spelling decisions since 2012 (in Norwegian, retrieved 12.22.20)
- “hun”, in Norsk Ordbok: ordbok over det norske folkemålet og det nynorske skriftmålet, Oslo: Samlaget, 1950-2016
Old Galician-Portuguese edit
Article edit
hun
- Alternative form of ũu
Old High German edit
Proper noun edit
hun
- manuscript spelling of Hūn, nominative singular of Hūni
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from French Huns, from Latin Hunni.
Noun edit
hun m (plural huni)
Declension edit
Tetum edit
Etymology edit
From *pun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puqun, compare Malay pohon.
Noun edit
hun
Vietnamese edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Typical Central and Southern Vietnamese retention of medial *u, which often developed into ‹ô› (or ‹o›) in Northern dialects; later strengthened with the use of "slang" to avoid awkward situations. Compare rún vs. rốn, thúi vs. thối.
Verb edit
- Central Vietnam and Southern Vietnam form of hôn (“to kiss”)
Usage notes edit
- The Northern form with [o] is pretty much never used in daily speech by speakers of Central and Southern dialects, although they might choose to use it in formal writing.
Synonyms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 熏 (SV: huân).
Verb edit
- to smoke (to preserve or prepare (food) for consumption by treating with smoke)
Derived terms edit
Anagrams edit
Welsh edit
Pronunciation edit
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /hɨːn/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /hiːn/
Etymology 1 edit
Lexicalised h-prothesised form of un.
Pronoun edit
hun
- (with possessive determiner) self
- Synonym: hunan
- fy hun ― myself
- ei hun ― himself, herself
- ein hun ― ourselves
- (with possessive determiner preceding both itself and the noun) own
- Synonym: hunan
- fy ngeiriau fy hun ― my own words
- ei syniad ei hun ― his/her own idea
- ein cartref ein hun ― our own home
Usage notes edit
- Hun tends to be more common in the north and synonymous hunan in the south, although plural hunain is also found in north at times.
Personal forms edit
Numeral edit
hun
- h-prothesized form of un
- ei hun ei hun ― her own (one)
- (Compare: ei un ei hun ― his own (one))
Mutation edit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
un | unchanged | unchanged | hun |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Brythonic *hʉn, from Proto-Celtic *sounos, from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos (“sleep”).
Noun edit
hun f (plural hunau, not mutable)
Derived terms edit
References edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “hun”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Yoruba edit
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
hùn
Derived terms edit
- àìhùn (“sleeplessness”)
Yucatec Maya edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Mayan *juun.
Pronunciation edit
Numeral edit
hun
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Beltrán de Santa Rosa María, Pedro (1746) Arte de el idioma maya reducido a succintas reglas, y semilexicon yucateco (in Spanish), Mexico: Por la Biuda de D. Joseph Bernardo de Hogal, page 152: “Hun. Vno. 1.”
- Montgomery, John (2004) Maya-English, English-Maya (Yucatec) Dictionary & Phrasebook, New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., →ISBN, pages 58, 203
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