क्षीर

See also: क्षौर, क्षुरी, क्षौरी, and क्षार

Sanskrit edit

Alternative scripts edit

Alternative scripts

ক্ষীৰ (Assamese script)
ᬓ᭄ᬱᬷᬭ (Balinese script)
ক্ষীর (Bengali script)
𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰱𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀻𑀭 (Brahmi script)
က္ၑီရ (Burmese script)
ક્ષીર (Gujarati script)
ਕ੍ਸ਼ੀਰ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌕𑍍𑌷𑍀𑌰 (Grantha script)
ꦏ꧀ꦰꦷꦫ (Javanese script)
𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂲𑂩 (Kaithi script)
ಕ್ಷೀರ (Kannada script)
ក្ឞីរ (Khmer script)
ກ຺ຩີຣ (Lao script)
ക്ഷീര (Malayalam script)
ᡬᢢᡳᡳᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘲𑘨 (Modi script)
ᢉᢔᠢᠢᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧓𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐷𑐬 (Newa script)
କ୍ଷୀର (Odia script)
ꢒ꣄ꢰꢷꢬ (Saurashtra script)
𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆵𑆫 (Sharada script)
𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖱𑖨 (Siddham script)
ක්‍ෂීර (Sinhalese script)
𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩑𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
𑚊𑚶𑚯𑚤 (Takri script)
க்ஷீர (Tamil script)
క్షీర (Telugu script)
กฺษีร (Thai script)
ཀྵཱི་ར (Tibetan script)
𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒲𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨁𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám (“milk”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬛- (xšuuid-), Northern Kurdish şîr, Persian (šir), Zazaki şıd, şıt. Originally thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *swēyd- (“milk”), but Lubotsky claims a borrowing from the BMAC substrate.

Pronunciation edit

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /kʂiː.ɾɐ́/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkʂiː.ɾɐ/

Noun edit

क्षीर • (kṣīrá) stem, n

milk, thickened milk
Synonyms: दुग्ध (dugdhá), पयस् (payas)
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 9.67.32:
  पावमानीर्यो अध्येत्यृषिभिः सम्भृतं रसम् ।
  तस्मै सरस्वती दुहे क्षीरं सर्पिर्मधूदकम् ॥
  pāvamānīryo adhyetyṛṣibhiḥ sambhṛtaṃ rasam .
  tasmai sarasvatī duhe kṣīraṃ sarpirmadhūdakam .
  Whoever reads the essence stored by saints, the Pavamani hymns,
  Sarasvatī draws forth for him water and butter, milk and meath.
- c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda
the milky juice or sap of plants

Declension edit

Neuter a-stem declension of क्षीर (kṣīrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	क्षीरम् kṣīrám	क्षीरे kṣīré	क्षीराणि / क्षीरा¹ kṣīrā́ṇi / kṣīrā́¹
Vocative	क्षीर kṣī́ra	क्षीरे kṣī́re	क्षीराणि / क्षीरा¹ kṣī́rāṇi / kṣī́rā¹
Accusative	क्षीरम् kṣīrám	क्षीरे kṣīré	क्षीराणि / क्षीरा¹ kṣīrā́ṇi / kṣīrā́¹
Instrumental	क्षीरेण kṣīréṇa	क्षीराभ्याम् kṣīrā́bhyām	क्षीरैः / क्षीरेभिः¹ kṣīraíḥ / kṣīrébhiḥ¹
Dative	क्षीराय kṣīrā́ya	क्षीराभ्याम् kṣīrā́bhyām	क्षीरेभ्यः kṣīrébhyaḥ
Ablative	क्षीरात् kṣīrā́t	क्षीराभ्याम् kṣīrā́bhyām	क्षीरेभ्यः kṣīrébhyaḥ
Genitive	क्षीरस्य kṣīrásya	क्षीरयोः kṣīráyoḥ	क्षीराणाम् kṣīrā́ṇām
Locative	क्षीरे kṣīré	क्षीरयोः kṣīráyoḥ	क्षीरेषु kṣīréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Dardic:
- Dameli: [script needed] (c̣hīr)
- Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (c̣hir)
- Kalami: [script needed] (c̣hīr, “milk, udder”)
- Kalasha: č̣hir
- Khowar: ݯھیر (č̣hír)
- Phalura: ڇھیر (c̣hīr)
- Savi: [script needed] (c̣hir)
- Shumashti: [script needed] (c̣hīr)
- Torwali: ڇھی (c̣hī)
Southern:
- Helu Prakrit: 𑀓𑀺𑀭𑀺 (kiri)
  - Dhivehi: ކިރު (kiru)
  - Sinhalese: කිරි (kiri)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)
  - Marathi: खीर (khīr), शिरें (śirẽ, “caudle for puerperal women of coconut milk”)
Northern:
- Khasa Prakrit:
  - Nepali: खीर (khīra)
Eastern:
- Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)
  - Assamese: খীৰ (khir)
  - Bengali: ক্ষীর (khir), খীর (khir)
  - Odia: ଖିରି (khiri), ଖିର (khirô, “milk, juice from trees”), ଖିରା (khira, “inspissated milk”)
  - Sylheti: ꠈꠤꠞ (kír)
Western:
- Paisaci Prakrit:
  - Punjabi: ਖੀਰ (khīr)
    - Lahnda: کھِیر (khīr)
  - Sindhi:
    Arabic script: کِيرُ
    
    Devanagari script: खीरु
Pali: khīra
Central:
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)
  - Domaaki: [script needed] (c̣hīr)
  - Gujarati: ખીરું (khīrũ)
  - Hindustani:
    Hindi: खीर (khīr)
    
    Urdu: کھیر (khīr)
    - → English: kheer
  - >? Romani: khil
→ Proto-Nuristani:
- Waigali: [script needed] (c̣hīr, “sour milk”)
→ Telugu: క్షీరము (kṣīramu) (learned)

References edit

Monier Williams (1899) “क्षीर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 329/3.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 433

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