यव

See also: युवा

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• যৱ (Assamese script)
• ᬬᬯ (Balinese script)
• যব (Bengali script)
• 𑰧𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀬𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• ယဝ (Burmese script)
• યવ (Gujarati script)
• ਯਵ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌯𑌵 (Grantha script)
• ꦪꦮ (Javanese script)
• 𑂨𑂫 (Kaithi script)
• ಯವ (Kannada script)
• យវ (Khmer script)
• ຍວ (Lao script)
• യവ (Malayalam script)
• ᠶᠠᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘧𑘪 (Modi script)
• ᠶ᠋ᠠᠸᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧇𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐫𑐰 (Newa script)
• ଯଵ (Odia script)
• ꢫꢮ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆪𑆮 (Sharada script)
• 𑖧𑖪 (Siddham script)
• යව (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩻𑩾 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚣𑚦 (Takri script)
• யவ (Tamil script)
• యవ (Telugu script)
• ยว (Thai script)
• ཡ་ཝ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒨𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨪𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáwas (“barley, cereal”), from Proto-Indo-European *yéwos (“barley, cereal”).

Cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (yauua), Ancient Greek ζειά (zeiá), Old Irish eórna (whence Irish eorna (“barley”)), Lithuanian javai̇̃, Persian جو (jow).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /jɐ́.ʋɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /jɐ.ʋɐ/

Noun

यव • (yáva) stem, m

1. barley
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.27.8:

     गावो॒ यवं॒ प्रयु॑ता अ॒र्यो अ॑क्ष॒न्ता अ॑पश्यं स॒हगो॑पा॒श्चर॑न्तीः ।

     gā́vo yávaṃ práyutā aryó akṣantā́ apaśyaṃ sahágopāścárantīḥ.

     The freed kine eat the barley of the pious; I saw them as they wandered with the herdsman.

2. grain, cereal
3. name for island of Java, whence perhaps came the English "Java"
4. a unit of measurement of weight or length

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of यव

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	यवः (yávaḥ)	यवौ (yávau) यवा¹ (yávā¹)	यवाः (yávāḥ) यवासः¹ (yávāsaḥ¹)
accusative	यवम् (yávam)	यवौ (yávau) यवा¹ (yávā¹)	यवान् (yávān)
instrumental	यवेन (yávena)	यवाभ्याम् (yávābhyām)	यवैः (yávaiḥ) यवेभिः¹ (yávebhiḥ¹)
dative	यवाय (yávāya)	यवाभ्याम् (yávābhyām)	यवेभ्यः (yávebhyaḥ)
ablative	यवात् (yávāt)	यवाभ्याम् (yávābhyām)	यवेभ्यः (yávebhyaḥ)
genitive	यवस्य (yávasya)	यवयोः (yávayoḥ)	यवानाम् (yávānām)
locative	यवे (yáve)	यवयोः (yávayoḥ)	यवेषु (yáveṣu)
vocative	यव (yáva)	यवौ (yávau) यवा¹ (yávā¹)	यवाः (yávāḥ) यवासः¹ (yávāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• यव-द्वीप (yava-dvīpa, “Java”, literally “island of barley”)

Descendants

Terms inherited from यव (yáva)

• Dardic:
  • Dameli: [script needed] (žō)
  • Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (žō)
  • Grangali: [script needed] (zō)
  • Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (yåw)
  • Kalami: [script needed] (yō)
  • Kalasha: ژو (žō)
  • Khowar: [script needed] (žō)
  • Kohistani Shina: [script needed] (yō)
  • Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (yō)
  • Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (žā)
  • Phalura: [script needed] (yū)
  • Savi: [script needed] (yū)
  • Shina: यो (yō)
  • Shumashti: [script needed] (zo)
  • Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (yā)
  • Tirahi: [script needed] (zau)
  • Torwali: [script needed] (yōu)
  • Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (zō)
• Pali: yava
• Prakrit: 𑀚𑀯 (java)
  • Helu Prakrit:
    • Sinhalese: යව (yawa)
  • Khasa Prakrit:
    • Garhwali: जो (jo)
    • Kumaoni: जौ (jau)
    • Nepali: जौ (jau)
  • Magadhi Prakrit:
    • Bengali: যব (jobo)
    • Bihari: जौ (jau)
      • Maithili: जौ (jau)
    • Odia: ଯଅ (jaa)
  • Maharastri Prakrit:
    • Old Marathi: jau

      Devanagari script: जउ (jaü)

      Modi script: 𑘕𑘄 (jau)

      • Marathi: जव (jav)
  • Paisaci Prakrit:
    • Takka Apabhramsa:
      • Punjabi:

        Gurmukhi script: ਜੌਂ (jaũ)

        Shahmukhi script: جوں (joṉ)

        • Lahnda: ਜੋ (jo)
  • Sauraseni Prakrit:
    • Gurjara Apabhramsa:
      • Gujarati: જવ (jav)
    • Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
      • Hindustani: jau

        Hindi: जौ

        Urdu: جَو (jau)

    • Romani: džov

Further reading

• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “yáva”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 603