出恭
Chinese
editto go out; to come out; to occur to go out; to come out; to occur; to produce; to go beyond; to rise; to put forth; to happen; (a measure word for dramas, plays, or operas) |
respectful | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (出恭) |
出 | 恭 | |
Etymology
editFrom an anti-cheating strategy in the Imperial Examination in ancient China, where candidates were required to hold a card written with the phrase 出恭入敬 (chūgōngrùjìng, “leaving and entering [the examination site] respectfully”) when going to toilet during the examination and return it when they were back so as to prevent them from leaving using such excuse (see 出 (chū), 入 (rù), and 恭敬 (gōngjìng) for detailed meaning).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ceot1 gung1
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien, POJ): chhut-kiong
- (Teochew, Peng'im): cug4 giong1
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 7tsheq-kon
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄔㄨ ㄍㄨㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chugong
- Wade–Giles: chʻu1-kung1
- Yale: chū-gūng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chugong
- Palladius: чугун (čugun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- Homophones:
[Show/Hide] 出宮／出宫
出工
出恭
- (Standard Chinese)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: ceot1 gung1
- Yale: chēut gūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsoet7 gung1
- Guangdong Romanization: cêd1 gung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhut-kiong
- Tâi-lô: tshut-kiong
- Phofsit Daibuun: zhutkiofng
- IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ³³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: cug4 giong1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshuk kiong
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ kioŋ³³/
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
Verb
edit出恭
- (euphemistic) to go to the toilet, especially to defecate
Synonyms
edit| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 如廁, 上廁所, 出恭 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 上廁所 |
| Harbin | 上外頭 | |
| Singapore | 上廁所 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 去廁所, 去洗手間 |
| Hong Kong | 去廁所, 去洗手間, 去toilet | |
| Kaiping (Chikan) | 喊悶 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 去廁所, 去洗手間, 去toilet, 去屎坑 rare, 出恭 rare | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 去廁所 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 去廁所 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 去便所 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 去便所 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 去便所 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 去便所 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 去便所 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 去便所 | |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 去染蠻 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 去世界盃 |