崩れる
Japanese edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 崩 |
| くず Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
See also 崩れ
Etymology edit
⟨kuduru⟩ → /kuduru/ → /kud͡zuru/ → /kud͡zureru/
From Old Japanese 崩る (kuduru), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
First cited to the 播磨風土記 (Harima Fudoki) of 715.[1]
Ultimately from 屑 (kuzu, “rubbish, refuse, scrap, junk, waste”),[1] and analyzable as etymologically meaning "to become rubbish". For the causative form 崩す (kuzusu), compare English to lay waste, to ruin.
Pronunciation edit
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "崩れる"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
崩れる | くずれる | [kùzúréꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 崩れろ | くずれろ | [kùzúréꜜrò] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 崩れられる | くずれられる | [kùzúréráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 崩れさせる | くずれさせる | [kùzúrésáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 崩れられる | くずれられる | [kùzúréráréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 崩れよう | くずれよー | [kùzúréyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 崩れない | くずれない | [kùzúréꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 崩れなかった | くずれなかった | [kùzúréꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 崩れます | くずれます | [kùzúrémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 崩れた | くずれた | [kùzúꜜrètà] |
| Conjunctive | 崩れて | くずれて | [kùzúꜜrètè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 崩れれば | くずれれば | [kùzúréꜜrèbà] |
Verb edit
崩れる • (kuzureru) intransitive ichidan (stem 崩れ (kuzure), past 崩れた (kuzureta))
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 崩す |
| mediopassive | 崩れる |
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of "崩れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 崩れ | くずれ | kuzure | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 崩れ | くずれ | kuzure | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 崩れる | くずれる | kuzureru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 崩れる | くずれる | kuzureru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 崩れれ | くずれれ | kuzurere | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 崩れよ¹ 崩れろ² |
くずれよ¹ くずれろ² |
kuzureyo¹ kuzurero² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 崩れられる | くずれられる | kuzurerareru | |
| Causative | 崩れさせる 崩れさす |
くずれさせる くずれさす |
kuzuresaseru kuzuresasu | |
| Potential | 崩れられる 崩れれる³ |
くずれられる くずれれる³ |
kuzurerareru kuzurereru³ | |
| Volitional | 崩れよう | くずれよう | kuzureyō | |
| Negative | 崩れない 崩れぬ 崩れん |
くずれない くずれぬ くずれん |
kuzurenai kuzurenu kuzuren | |
| Negative continuative | 崩れず | くずれず | kuzurezu | |
| Formal | 崩れます | くずれます | kuzuremasu | |
| Perfective | 崩れた | くずれた | kuzureta | |
| Conjunctive | 崩れて | くずれて | kuzurete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 崩れれば | くずれれば | kuzurereba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
See also edit
- 転ぶ (korobu, “to fall over; to tumble”)
- 落ちる (ochiru, “to fall [from a height]”)
- 落下する (rakka suru, “to drop, to descend”)
References edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “崩”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ “崩れる”, in デジタル大辞泉[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ^ 2002, Yasuo Kitahara, 明鏡国語辞典 (Meikyō Kokugo Jiten), First Edition (in Japanese), Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN