菡

菡 U+83E1, 菡 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-83E1 ← 菠 [U+83E0] CJK Unified Ideographs 菢 → [U+83E2]

Translingual

Han character

菡 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+8, 14 strokes, cangjie input 廿山弓水 (TUNE), four-corner 4477₂, composition ⿱艹函)

References

• KangXi: page 1038, character 22
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31193
• Dae Jaweon: page 1496, character 24
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3242, character 7
• Unihan data for U+83E1

Chinese

trad.		菡
simp. #		菡

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 菡
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (函) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蜬	*kuːm, *ɡuːm
函	*ɡuːm, *ɡruːm
涵	*ɡuːm, *ɡuːmʔ
顄	*ɡuːm, *ɡuːmʔ
圅	*ɡuːm
菡	*ɡuːmʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡuːmʔ): semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 函 (OC *ɡuːm, *ɡruːm).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hàn (han⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haam⁵, aam²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hàn
    • Wade–Giles: han⁴
    • Yale: hàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hann
    • Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: haam⁵, aam²
    • Yale: háahm, áam
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haam⁵, aam²
    • Guangdong Romanization: ham⁵, am²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːm¹³/, /aːm³⁵/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

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• Middle Chinese: /ɦʌm^X/

Rime
Character	菡
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡感切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʌmX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəmX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɒmX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəmX/
Li Rong	/ɣᴀmX/
Wang Li	/ɣɒmX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣămX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ham6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːmʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	菡
Reading #	1/1
No.	4866
Phonetic component	函
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	頷
Old Chinese	/*ɡuːmʔ/

Definitions

菡

1. Only used in 菡萏 (hàndàn, “lotus flower”).

References

• “菡”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Korean

Hanja

菡 • (ham) (hangeul 함, revised ham, McCune–Reischauer ham, Yale ham)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

菡: Hán Nôm readings: hạm, hăm, hằm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.