Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dōkaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwōg- (“cloth”). Cognate with Sanskrit ध्वज (dhvajá, “flag, banner”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdɔː.kɑz/

Noun

*dōkaz m

cloth, rag

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *dōkaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*dōkaz	dōkōz, dōkōs
vocative	*dōk	dōkōz, dōkōs
accusative	*dōką	*dōkanz
genitive	dōkas, dōkis	*dōkǫ̂
dative	*dōkai	*dōkamaz
instrumental	*dōkō	*dōkamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *dōk
- >? Old English: dōc (“bastard, mongrel”) (with change in meaning)
- Old Frisian: dōk
  - Saterland Frisian: Douk
  - West Frisian: doek
- Old Saxon: dōk
  - Middle Low German: dôk, dûk
    - German Low German: Dook
    - → Old Norse: dúkr
      - Icelandic: dúkur
      - Faroese: dúkur
      - Norwegian Bokmål: duk
      - Norwegian Nynorsk: duk
      - Old Swedish: dūker
        Swedish: duk, dok
      - Danish: dug
- Old Dutch: *dōk, *duoc
  - Middle Dutch: doec
    - Dutch: doek
      - Afrikaans: doek
        → English: doek
        → Shona: dhuku
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: duku
      - Jersey Dutch: duk
      - Negerhollands: doek, doekoe
      - → Akan: duku
        → Nkonya: duku
        → Wali (Ghana): ’duuku
      - → Akebu: ɖuku-yǝ (via an intermediary language)
      - → Lokono: doko
      - → Aukan: duku
      - → English: duck, dook
      - → Fon: dukwí
      - → Indonesian: duk
      - → Japanese: ズック
      - → Mbelime: dukìhṵ̀ (via an intermediary language)
      - → Nawdm: dukŋa (via an intermediary language)
      - → Scots: dook
      - → Sranan Tongo: duku
        → Caribbean Javanese: duku
        → Dutch: doekoe
    - Limburgish: dook
- Old High German: tuoh
  - Middle High German: tuoch
    - Alemannic German: Tuech
      - Swabian: Tuach
    - Central Franconian: Duch
    - Cimbrian: tuach
    - German: Tuch
      - → Esperanto: tuko
    - Luxembourgish: Duch
    - Pennsylvania German: Duch
    - Yiddish: טוך (tukh)
- Lombardic: *tuoh
  - → Lombard: toh
    - → Italian: tocca, toca, tòcche
      - →? Spanish: toca
      - → Middle French: tocque
        French: toque
        English: toque
    - → Old High German: toh