Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/freusaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”). Cognate with Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɸreu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*freusaną

1. to freeze

Inflection

Conjugation of *freusaną (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*freusō	*freusaų	—	*freusai	?
2nd singular	*friusizi	*freusaiz	*freus	*freusazai	*freusaizau
3rd singular	*friusidi	*freusai	*freusadau	*freusadai	*freusaidau
1st dual	*freusōz	*freusaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*freusadiz	*freusaidiz	*freusadiz	—	—
1st plural	*freusamaz	*freusaim	—	*freusandai	*freusaindau
2nd plural	*friusid	*freusaid	*friusid	*freusandai	*freusaindau
3rd plural	*freusandi	*freusain	*freusandau	*freusandai	*freusaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*fraus	*fruzį̄
2nd singular	*fraust	*fruzīz
3rd singular	*fraus	*fruzī
1st dual	*fruzū	*fruzīw
2nd dual	*fruzudiz	*fruzīdiz
1st plural	*fruzum	*fruzīm
2nd plural	*fruzud	*fruzīd
3rd plural	*fruzun	*fruzīn
	present	past
participles	*freusandz	*fruzanaz

Derived terms

• *frauzijaną

Related terms

• *frustaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *freusan
  • Old English: frēosan
    • Middle English: fresen, freese, frese, freosen
      • English: freeze
        • → Maltese: ffriża
      • Scots: frese
  • Old Frisian: *friāsa
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr-Amrum: friis

      Sölring: früüs

    • Saterland Frisian: frjoze
    • West Frisian: frieze
  • Old Saxon: friosan
    • Middle Low German: vrêsen, vreisen
      • German Low German: fresen
      • Low German: freern, freren, fresen
  • Old Dutch: *friesan
    • Middle Dutch: vriesen
      • Dutch: vriezen
        • Afrikaans: vries
        • → Papiamentu: fris
      • Limburgish: vrere, vreze
  • Old High German: friosan
    • Middle High German: vriesen, vrieren
      • Bavarian: frian

        Cimbrian: vriizan, briizan (Mezzaselva)

      • Central Franconian: freese, früüse, friere

        Luxembourgish: fréieren

      • German: frieren
      • Yiddish: פֿרירן (frirn)
• Old Norse: frjósa
  • Icelandic: frjósa
  • ⇒ Faroese: frosin (adj) (via past participle)
  • Jamtish: frýse
  • Elfdalian: friuosa
  • Old Swedish: frȳsa
    • Swedish: frysa; fryse (Ångermanland)
  • Old Danish: frȳsæ
    • Scanian: frýsa
    • Danish: fryse
      • Norwegian Bokmål: fryse
  • Gutnish: frausa, frause